HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR

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Rosamond Stewart
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1 k ey points HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION REVISION NOTES BY SOURABH LAHIRI & ANJAN KR BISWAS gender differ ences on physical and physiological par am eter s Physiological factor s for detem ing com ponents of Physical F itness E ffects of ex er cise on Car divascular, R espir ator y and m uscular system Physiological changes due to ageing R ole of ex er cise in slow ing ageing pr ocess G en der di f f er en ces betw een ph y si ca l a n d ph y si ol ogi ca l pa r a m eter s T her e ar e follow ing physical differ ences betw een m ales and fem ales: B ody size: ther e is a lot of differ ence in body size of m ales and fem ales. T he size of body of m ales is lar ger in com par ison to fem ales. B ody shape: I n m ales V Shaped body is consider ed the best w her eas in fem ales slim constitution of body is consider ed the best. V er tebr ae, legs and k nees: T he ver tebr ae in fem ales is long in com par ison to hands and legs w her eas in m ales the ver tebr a is sm all in com par ison to hands and legs. Centr e of gr avity: T he height of fem ale is usually found is less in com par ison to m ales. T he centr e of gr avity of fem ales is less high and the height of centr e of gr avity of m ales if high. T his is the r eason w hy the stability in fem ales is m or e than m ales. Abdom en: fem ales have lar ger abdom inal cavity than m ales. T his is due to the fact that fem ales have additional or gans of r epr oduction. B ones of shoulder s: T he shoulder bones of fem ales ar e found to be w eak in com par ion to shoulder bones of m ales. Due to this r eason, fem ales ar e pr ovided low w eight equipm ents in 1 / 6

2 thr ow ing events. T he physiological differ ence in fem ales and m ales ar e follow s: M uscular str ength: T he m uscular str ength of fem ales is less than m ales. T he contr action and ex tension of m uscles of fem ales is less for ceful w her eas m ales have m or e for ceful contr action and ex tension of m uscles. B lood cir culation: T he size of hear t in fem ales is sm aller in com par ison to m ales.and also ther e is less am ount of blood in fem ales than m ales. Gener ally the hear t r ate of fem ales r em ain m or e than m ales. R espir ator y or gans: L ungs of fem ales ar e sm aller in com par ison to m ales. T hat s w hy, fem ales have less endur ance than m ales. I n fact, lung capacity of nor m al healthy fem ale is 10% less in com par ison to m ale of sim ilar shape and size. M enstr ual cycle: Fem ales should not per for m str enuous and vigor ous w or k s dur ing m enstr ual cycle w her eas in m ales ther e is no such type of cycle. Physi ol ogi ca l f a ctor s f or deter m i n i n g str en gth. T he follow ing ar e the factor s for deter m ining str ength: M uscle com position: T her e ar e tw o types of fibr es in m uscles i.e. fast tw itch fibr es and slow tw itch fibr es. T he m uscles w hich consist of m or e per centage of fast tw itch fibr es w ill pr oduce m or e str ength. Size of the m uscle: T he str ength of an individual depends on the size of m uscle. As lar ger and bigger m uscle pr oduce m or e for ce and w ith the help of differ ent m ethods of str ength tr aining, the size of the m uscle can be incr eased. B ody w eight: ther e is a positive r elation betw een body w eight and str ength. T he individuals w ho ar e heavier ar e str onger than the individuals w ho ar e lighter in w eight. I ntensity of ner ve im pulse: A m uscle is com posed of no. of m otor units. T he total for ce of m uscle depends upon the num ber of contr acting m otor units. W henever, a str onger ner ve im pulse fr om centr al ner vous system ex cite m or e num ber of m otor units, the m uscle w ill contr act m or e stongly or it can be said that the m uscle w ill pr oduce m or e for ce or str ength. 2 / 6

3 Physi ol ogi ca l f a ctor s f or deter m i n i n g speed. T he follow ing ar e the factor s for deter m ining speed: M uscle com position: T he m uscles w hich consist of m or e per centage of fast tw itch fibr escontr act w ith m or espeed and pr oduce a gr eater speed. Differ ent m uscles of the body have differ ent pw er centage of fast tw itch fibr es. E x plosive str ength: it depends on the shape, size and coor dination of m uscles. For ver y quick and ex plosive m ovem ent, ex plosive str ength is r equir ed. T he r elated pr opor tion of fast tw itch fibr es and slow tw itch fibr es deter m ines the m ax im um possible speed w ith w hich the m uscle can contr act. Flex ibility: I t also deter m ines the speed. Good flex ibility allow s m ax im um r ange of m ovem ents and also enables com plete utilization of ex plosive str ength. B iochem ical r eser ves and m etabolic pow er : m uscles r equir es m or e am ount of ener gy and high r ate of consum ption for m ax im um speed per for m ance. For this pur pose the stor es of AT P & CP in the m uscles should be enough. I f the stor e is less, the w or k ing pr ocess of the m uscles slow s dow n after shor t tim e. Physi ol ogi ca l f a ctor s f or deter m i n i n g f l ex i bi l i ty. T he physiological factor s for deter m ining flex ibility ar e: M uscle str ength: Flex ibility depends on the level of str ength. W eak m uscles can becom e a lim iting factor for achieving higher r ange of m ovem ent. M uscle str ength is highly tr ainable ther efor e, it can enhance flex ibility. Joint str uctur e: T her e ar e sever al differ ent types of joints in hum an body. Som e of the joints intr insically have a gr eater r ange of m otion.eg. the ball and sock et joint of the shoulder has the gr eatest r ange of m otion. Age and gender : flex ibility decr eases w ith the advancem ent of age. I t can be enhanced w ith the help of tr aining. Gender also deter m ines the flex ibility as fem ales tends to be m or e flex ible than m ales. I nter nal envir onm ent:t he inter nal envir onm ent of an athlete influences the flex ibility. I f inter nal tem per atur e incr eases flex ibility incr eases; if decr eases flex ibility decr eases. Pr evious injur y: I njur ies to connective tissues and m uscles ultim ately lead to r educed 3 / 6

4 flex ibility Physi ol ogi ca l f a ctor s deter m i n i n g en du r a n ce. Aer obic capacity:- (1)ox ygen intak e (ii) ox ygen tr anspor t (iii) ox ygen uptak e (a) E ner gy r eser ves, (b)l actic acid toler ance, (c) M ovem ent econom y, (d) M uscle com position Ox ygen Uptak e:- I t is highest r ate at w hich ox ygen can be tak en up and consum ed by the hear t per m inute. Car diac Output:- T he car diac output is sim ply the am ount of blood pum ped by the hear per m inute. H ydr ation and E ndur ance E x er cise: - Sw eating is nor m al physiological r esponse to pr olonged ex er cise, r equir ed for the dissipation of hear pr oduced dur ing ener gy m etabolism E f f ect of ex er ci se on th e ca r di ov a scu l a r sy stem (i) Car diac output is the am ount of blood pum ped by the hear t in 1 m in. T his incr eases dir ectly w ith incr easing ex er cise intensity. (ìì) T he hear t r ate incr eases fr om a r esting r ate of 72 beats / m in to 150 beats / m in or even m or e. (ííi) T he str ok e volum e, m eaning the am ount of blood pum ped into the Aor ta w ith ever y hear tbeat,incr eases fr om a r esting volum e of m L to m L per beat. (ìv) E x er cise incr eases the plasm a volum e of blood by 12 Op :, but total blood volum e m ay 4 / 6

5 r educe slightly. (V ) B lood flow is r edistr ibuted w ith m or e blood going to the m uscles, hear t and sk in, w hile blood in the k idneys and abdom en is r educed. (vì) B lood pr essur e incr eases due to ex er cise because ther e is m or e blood flow ing in the blood vessels. E f f ects of ex er ci se on m u scu l a r sy stem. Size and shape of m uscle changes: R egular ex er cise changes the shape and size of the m uscle. Cells of the m uscles ar e enlar ged w hich change the shape and size of the m uscle. Cor r ect body postur e; r egular ex er cise k eeps the cor r ect postur e of the body by str engthening the m uscles. T he postur al defor m ities do not occur. I f ther e is any physical defor m ity, then it is r em oved. Food stor age incr eases: the capacity of food stor age in body can be enhanced by doing r egular ex er cises. T his stor ed food can be utilized im m ediately w hen r equir ed. T oned m uscles: r egular ex er cise helps in k eeping the m uscles in toned position. M uscles becom e fir m and m aintain a slight, a steady pull on the attachm ents. E fficient m ovem ent of m uscles: T he m ovem ent of m uscles becom es efficient and sm ooth. T he m ovem ents dur ing differ ent activities becom e attr active. Change in connective tissues: the connective tissues becom e pow er ful. T hese tissues can bear the str ess of str enuous activity. E f f ects of ex er ci se on r espi r a tor y sy stem. I ncr ease in T idal air capacity: by doing r egular ex er cise it has been noted that ther e is an incr ease in the am ount of tidal air capacity of an individual. Decr ease in r ate of r espir ation: W hen a beginner star ts ex er cising his r ate of r espir ation incr eases. B ut w hen the sam e individual per for m ex er cise daily, his r ate of r espir ation decr eases in com par ison to the beginner at r est. Str ong w ill pow er : r egular ex er cise incr eases the w ill pow er of an individual. As pr anayam a, the specific ex er cise for lungs incr eases the w ill pow er of the doer. Unused alveolus becom es active : R egular ex er cise activates the unused alveolus because m uch am ount of ox ygen is r equir ed in vigor ous activities of daily r outine. 5 / 6

6 T he passive alveolus becom e active. I ncr ease in vital air capacity: T he capacity of vital air capacity var ies fr om 3500cc to 4500cc in a nor m al adult. Due to r egular ex er cise its capacity incr eases upto 5500cc. A gei n g is the pr ocess of becom ing older. I t r epr esents the accum ulation of changes in a per son over tim e. Ageing in hum ans r efer s to a m ultidim ensional pr ocess of physical, psychological, and social change. R ol e of r egu l a r ex er ci se on a gei n g pr ocess, R egular ex er cise k eeps the hum an body livelier, fitter and I n better condition, thus delaying the ageing pr ocesses. As Given below : (I ) ex er cise r educes the loss of elasticity fr om the lungs and chest w all agencies incr ease m uscle str ength and hyper tr ophy by incr easing the cr oss-sectional ar ea of the Slow T w itch Fiber s (sm and Fast T w itch Fiber s (FT F). T his slow s dow n ageing T he body com position changes due to ex er cise by r educing the fat content of the body, thus slow ing dow n the ageing pr ocess. fu E x er cise im pel flex ibility by str engthening the m usculosk eletal system s, ther eby pr eventing the bick er ing of joints. T his also slow s the ageing pr ocess. 6 / 6

HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR

HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION REVISION NOTES BY SOURABH LAHIRI & ANJAN KR BISWAS K ey Poi n ts: Pr ojectile & factor s affecting pr ojectile tr ajector y New ton's law s