Volume 1 Student Text

Transcription

1 Page 1 of _1A Scientific Processes The student conducts investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipment, but may also involve experimentation in a simulated environment as well as field observations that extend beyond the classroom. The student is expected to: 0 Safety Skill Builder packet found in Skill and Practice Worksheets on teacher resource CD 331 electrical safety and circuit breakers 353 capacitor safety 0 Lab Safety symbols and instructions are found in the investigation manual on the page before the TOC 24 using safety glasses 44 using safety glasses 102 short circuits and lab safety 106 capacitor safety 125 using safety glasses demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations _1B Scientific Processes 90 energy usage and conservation 67 conserving fuel The student conducts investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipment, but may also involve experimentation in a simulated environment as well as field observations that extend beyond the classroom. The student is expected to: 209 tidal power is an active area of engineering research 213 research the use of solar cells 265 nuclear waste 332 automobile engineer and hybrid cars 333 research information about the production and sale of hybrid autos 83 studying radioactivity in the environment demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials _2A

2 Page 2 of _2A Scientific Processes 7 theories allow for predictions 18 investigating the law of inertia The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section. 8 scientific method 10 using models in science 22 scientific method in action 23 science helps us learn about natural world 31 investigating momentum and the third law 38 creating and testing a graphical model 53 designing and testing a solution to the lever mystery _2B Scientific Processes 8 formulating a hypothesis 4 formulating a hypothesis The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: know that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. 9 scientific evidence and data tables 22 scientific method in action 96 observational evidence 196 observational evidence 216 observational evidence 244 observational evidence 254 observational evidence 9 writing a hypothesis 29 testing your predictions 43 develop a hypothesis 139 stating a hypothesis about period of pendulum 186 explaining how your observations support or refute the hypothesis _2C

3 Page 3 of _2C Scientific Processes 7 theories allow for predictions 18 investigating the law of inertia The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: know that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed. 22 Fleming s hypothesis and investigations 23 science and learning about the natural world 242 chemist Joseph Black 242 physicist Lord Kelvin 267 transforming archeology 278 ways to think about special relativity 291 analyzing changing ideas in scientific theories 407 studying how electromagnetic fields affect biological systems 536 developing retinal implants 25 investigating Newton's 3rd law 31 investigating momentum and the third law 44 investigating projectile motion 80 energy and quantum theory 82 investigating concepts of radioactivity 108 investigating the nature of electric charge 131 investigating magnetic fields 166 investigating the RGB model of color 168 investigating the CMYK model of color 169 investigating law of reflection 186 quantum theory of light _2D

4 Page 4 of _2D Scientific Processes 7 defining scientific theory 4 formulate a hypothesis The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories. 8 formulating a hypothesis 22 Fleming s hypothesis and investigations 219 kinetic theory and temperature 244 atomic theory 252 quantum theory explained 277 physicists have built special experiments to capture and study neutrinos 9 write a hypothesis 43 develop a hypothesis 80 energy and quantum theory 139 state a hypothesis about period of pendulum 186 explain how your observations support or refute the hypothesis 278 theory of special relativity 282 contributions of Albert Einstein to general relativity 284 general relativity predicts black holes 555 photon theory of light _2E Scientific Processes The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: design and implement investigative procedures, including making observations, asking well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, identifying variables, selecting appropriate equipment and technology, and evaluating numerical answers for reasonableness. 4 what is an experiment 6 what is a variable 7 scientific method 8 designing experiments 8 asking a scientific question 8 defining independent, dependent, control, and experimental variables 9 scientific evidence and data tables 15 evaluating reasonable answers 16 evaluating reasonable answers 20 problem solving 24 importance of changing one variable at a time in an experiment 0 Each investigation begins with a Key Question 4 formulate a hypothesis 7 finding percent error 9 identify experimental and controlled variables 9 writing a hypothesis 19 how do your observations support your answer? 43 develop a hypothesis 53 designing and testing a solution to the lever mystery 64 designing an experiment 64 conducting the experiment you designed

5 Page 5 of design an improvement for a product (#9) 76 evaluate the success of your heat transfer model 536 designing medical devices 76 constraints for the thermal radiation demonstration model design 76 selecting appropriate equipment 109 building an electroscope and conducting experiments 120 selecting appropriate equipment 121 compare and evaluate models 127 evaluate the effects your design change produced 139 state a hypothesis about period of pendulum 139 investigate variables and how they affect the period of a pendulum 139 designing pendulum experiments 162 selecting materials for creating a musical instrument 169 use a mirror to observe reflected light 186 explaining how your observations support or refute the hypothesis _2F Scientific Processes The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: 11 measuring distance and length 12 SI and English systems of measurement 13 measuring time 14 time scales in physics 16 significant digits and metric ruler 25 converting length units between systems 27 practice measuring with a metric ruler 0 computer spreadsheets and graphing software can be used throughout the curriculum for data analysis and presentation 1 using and understanding photogates 1 using a stopwatch 4 using a metric ruler 6 creating a graph of the car's speed vs. position 11 using a velocity sensor and data collection system

6 Page 6 of 40 demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures, including multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), triple beam balances, batteries, clamps, dynamics demonstration equipment, collision apparatus, data acquisition probes, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), hand-held visual spectroscopes, hot plates, slotted and hooked lab masses, bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, plane mirrors, convex lenses, pendulum support, power supply, ring clamps, ring stands, stopwatches, trajectory apparatus, tuning forks, carbon paper, graph paper, magnetic compasses, polarized film, prisms, protractors, resistors, friction blocks, mini lamps (bulbs) and sockets, electrostatics kits, 90-degree rod clamps, metric rulers, spring scales, knife blade switches, Celsius thermometers, meter sticks, scientific calculators, graphing technology, computers, cathode ray tubes with horseshoe magnets, ballistic carts or equivalent, resonance tubes, spools of nylon thread or string, containers of iron filings, rolls of white craft paper, copper wire, Periodic Table, electromagnetic spectrum charts, slinky springs, wave motion ropes, and laser pointers. 55 measuring mass 56 measuring force 67 measuring weight vs. measuring mass 108 using graph paper 116 how spring scales work vs. truck scales 134 using a magnetic compass 135 using a protractor 203 using batteries 203 using a pendulum 222 theromometer scales 263 using batteries 275 using mirrors 296 using batteries 296 using resistors 298 measuring electric current 299 measuring voltage 300 using resistors 301 using a multimeter to measure current 303 using a multimeter to measure resistance 305 using resistors 316 using batteries 343 using electrostatics 347 using batteries 361 using a magnetic compass 363 using magnetic forces 13 creating a model for the velocity of energy car 13 using a velocity sensor and data collection system 14 using graphing technology 15 using photogates 17 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 18 make mass measurements 20 using triple beam balance or electronic scale 21 using an electronic scale 21 using graphing technology 24 using graphing technology 29 creating a height reference scale 31 collision apparatus 34 using triple beam balance or electronic scale 36 creating a vector diagram to scale 37 using graphing technology 39 create a graph of force vs. extension for the spring 39 creating a graph of force vs. extension for the spring 42 using triple beam balance or electronic scale 44 investigate projectile motion 49 use a metric measuring tape 51 usinng a spring scale

7 Page 7 of using a magnetic compass 54 use a spring scale 383 using a magnetic compass 55 use a metric measuring tape 409 using a magnetic compass 58 use a spring scale 426 using a pendulum 61 making a precise time measurement 456 using mirrors 61 measuring mass of car 487 using tuning forks 498 using mirrors 520 using mirrors 521 convex lenses 527 using prisms 528 using mirrors 529 using graph paper 62 investigate the efficiency of the car launcher 62 collision apparatus 63 using a timer and photogates 63 measuring mass of car 65 using a stopwatch 69 using triple beam balance or electronic scale 530 using convex lenses 71 measuring mass of ice and cup 531 using graph paper 71 measuring final temperature 534 using prisms 552 diffraction gratings and spectrometers 554 applications of polarization 74 using a temperature sensor and data collecton system 81 using a spectrometer to identify elements 581 tracing ray diagrams 83 constructing a graph 85 use a metric measuring tape 91 build circuits 93 use a multimeter 94 a circuit with a dimmer switch 95 use a multimeter to measure current 95 using a multimeter to measure current 96 use a multimeter to measure resistance of a pot

8 Page 8 of investigating resistance and potentiometers 97 using a multimeter to measure voltage drop 100 use a multimeter to measure voltage 100 building a circuit with three bulbs and a switch 101 using a multimeter to measure current 106 investigate capacitors 109 building an electroscope and conducting experiments 110 use a multimeter to measure voltage 112 measuring mass of capacitor 115 investigate the strength of magnetic force 115 using a metric ruler 116 use a compass to investigate magnetic forces 117 comparing electromagnet and permanent magnet 125 use a timer and photogate to measure speed of rotor 125 use a multimeter to measure voltage 133 using magnetic fields to solve a puzzle 138 use a timer and photogate to measure the period of a pendulum 139 investigate harmonic motion with a pendulum 147 making waves 150 investigate standing waves and frequency

9 Page 9 of use a spring scale 156 using sound generator 156 measuring frequency 161 use a metric ruler 169 tracing the beam of a laser 170 use a prism to investigate light rays 174 using a mirror to reflect light 175 use a lens to refract light 180 using electromagnetic spectrum chart 182 exploring polarization of light _2G

10 Page 10 of _2G Scientific Processes The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: use a wide variety of additional course apparatus, equipment, techniques, materials, and procedures as appropriate such as ripple tank with wave generator, wave motion rope, micrometer, caliper, radiation monitor, computer, ballistic pendulum, electroscope, inclined plane, optics bench, optics kit, pulley with table clamp, resonance tube, ring stand screen, four inch ring, stroboscope, graduated cylinders, and ticker timer. 6 parts of a car and ramp system 10 car and ramp system 180 how a rope and pulley system works 181 how gears and ramps work 344 how an electroscope works 436 inertia and pendulums 455 propagating water waves 520 optical systems 521 using optical devices 527 using optical devices 534 understanding optical systems 0 computer spreadsheets and graphing software can be used throughout the curriculum for data analysis and presentation 16 collecting data to calculate the car's acceleration 21 Newton's second law and the Atwood's machine 37 predict the acceleration of the car on the ramp 54 investigate ropes and pulleys 109 build an electroscope and conduct experiments 127 investigate how generators work 149 studying water waves 150 investigate standing waves 158 designing and building resonance tubes 166 mixing primary colors of light 184 investigating phosphorescence _2H Scientific Processes 11 measuring distance and length 2 accuracy, resolution, and precision The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: make measurements with accuracy and precision and record data using scientific notation and International System (SI) units 12 SI and English systems of measurement 13 measuring time with stopwatch 15 accuracy, precision, resolution 16 significant digits and metric ruler 17 speed of light 27 practice measuring with a metric ruler 4 measuring the speed of the car 6 how does prediction compare with measurement? 18 make mass measurements 30 comparing predicted velocities to measured velocities 37 how did your measured acceleration compare with the prediction? 55 measuring mass 56 measuring force 43 create a data table for all measurements 49 using a metric measuring tape

11 Page 11 of measuring weight vs. mass 55 using a metric measuring tape 84 measuring work and energy in joules 58 measure the force 137 measuring trajectory 138 measuring trajectory 140 measuring trajectory 222 measuring temperature 227 measuring heat energy in joules 298 measuring electric current 299 measuring voltage 301 using a multimeter to measure current 60 how close is your prediction to the actual measurement? 61 make a precise time measurement 63 measuring speed of car 71 measure final temperature 93 use a multimeter 95 use a multimeter to measure current 97 use a multimeter to measure voltage drop 303 using a multimeter to measure resistance 326 electrical power is measured in watts 100 use a multimeter to measure voltage 116 estimate the precision of measurements 340 measuring charge in coulombs 352 measuring capacitance 498 speed of light 125 using a timer and photogate to measure speed of rotor 138 use a timer and photogate to measure the period of a pendulum 152 measuring frequency 156 measuring frequency 164 speed of light _2I

12 Page 12 of _2I Scientific Processes 15 accuracy, precision, resolution 2 accuracy, resolution, and precision The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data. 16 significant digits and metric ruler 16 significant digits 6 how does prediction compare with measurement? 7 find percent error 24 determining sources of error 30 determining sources of error 37 how did your measured acceleration compare with the prediction? 49 finding the average range of the launched marble 60 determining sources of error 61 experimenting and finding average speed 83 finding a percentage 107 finding the average of the three times 116 estimate the precision of measurements _2J Scientific Processes The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: organize and evaluate data and make inferences from data including the use of tables, charts, and graphs. 9 scientific evidence and data tables 11 communicating via measurement 25 constructing a graph 26 study the data table (#7) 28 make a data table (#6) 38 motion graphs 40 motion graphs 42 slope of a speed vs. time graph 43 finding distance from a speed vs. time graph 51 create a data table (#1) 0 each investigation contains a "thinking about what you observed" section, and students must be able to communicate and defend their findings from the investigation 6 create a graph of the car's speed vs. position 12 analyze the graphical models 18 constant force data table 19 constant height data table 22 create and analzye a second law of motion graph 28 predicting maximum velocity through energy conservation law

13 Page 13 of create a data table (#4) 29 testing your predictions 62 you can predict that a downhill force must exist 30 comparing predicted velocities to measured velocities 63 you can predict the velocity after it is dropped 37 predicting the acceleration of the car on the ramp 81 the law of conservation of momentum allows us to make accurate predictions 39 create a graph of force vs. extension for the spring 88 the law of conservation of energy can be used to predict the height of the ball 43 create a data table for all measurements 97 making inferences 53 evaluating numeric results 108 using a graph to find force vector components 158 predicting currents and eddies 58 force vs. distance data table 59 graph work done vs. deflection of rubber band 244 making inferences 60 graph speed vs. rubber band deflection 305 use Ohm's law to predict the current 62 make a graph of efficiency vs. speed 431 harmonic motion graphs 74 draw and label a sketch of your results 432 finding the amplitude on a harmonic motion graph 76 evaluating the success of heat transfer model 449 making inferences 83 construct a graph 111 graph current vs. time for the capacitor 111 deriving a formula to calculate the charge 120 drawing conclusions about your design in a notebook 126 graph voltage vs. speed 139 sketch harmonic motion graphs _2K Scientific Processes The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: 11 communicating via measurement 28 prepare a written report (#3, 4, 8) 28 drawing conclusions using reports and technology based reports 0 each investigation contains a "thinking about what you observed" section, and students must be able to communicate and defend their findings from the investigation

14 Page 14 of 40 communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology based reports. 51 drawing conclusions using reports and technology based reports 61 drawing conclusions using summaries 103 drawing conclusions using reports and technology based reports 107 drawing conclusions using labeled drawings 128 drawing conclusions using labeled drawings 156 drawing conclusions using labeled drawings 165 drawing conclusions using reports and technology based reports 196 the evidence supports the conclusion 196 the evidence supports the conclusion 211 drawing conclusions using labeled drawings 213 prepare a written report (#1) 241 prepare a written report (#3, 5) 244 draw a conclusion that supports the evidence 272 prepare a written report (#5) 400 drawing conclusions using journals/notes/notebooks 7 find percent error 12 analyzing the graphical models 13 creating a model for the velocity of energy car 17 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 22 creating and analzying a second law of motion graph 36 creating a vector diagram to scale 36 resolving a force into component vectors and solving for the unknown force 64 drawing an energy flow diagram 74 draw and label a sketch of your results 76 what is the best way to present your results? 91 drawing energy flow diagram of the circuit 93 drawing and interpreting circuit diagrams 120 drawing conclusions about your design in a notebook 121 comparing and evaluating models 126 explain and communicate your findings 139 understanding graphs of harmonic motion 168 researching how computer monitors and televisions make colors 180 present what you have learned _2L Scientific Processes 6 what is a variable 3 speed defined and calculated 8 cause and effect relationships

15 Page 15 of 40 The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to: express and manipulate relationships among physical variables quantitatively including the use of graphs, charts, and equations. 19 mathematical descriptions 24 importance of changing one variable at a time in an experiment 36 mathematical model of acceleration 38 slope of a position vs. time graph 40 motion graphs 42 slope of a speed vs. time graph 59 Newton s second law equation 6 create a graph of the car's speed vs. position 22 create and analzye a second law of motion graph 22 find the slope of the line and determine its significance in the experiment 49 find the average range of the launched marble 57 calculating and comparing input and output work 61 using second law formula 65 average speed equation 79 momentum equation 84 the work equation 86 kinetic energy formula 108 using a graph to find force vector components 115 Hooke s law equation 143 calculating angular speed 144 finding the circumference of a circle 145 linear speed equation 153 equation for law of universal gravitation 171 the power equation 229 the heat equation 304 equation for Ohm s law 342 equation for Coulomb s law 431 harmonic motion graphs 432 finding the amplitude on a harmonic motion graph 59 graph work done vs. deflection of rubber band 60 graph speed vs. rubber band deflection 62 make a graph of efficiency vs. speed 66 calculating each person's power 94 proposing a relationship between power and voltage 105 calculate power used by the bulb 107 find the average of the three times 111 derive a formula to calculate the charge 112 calculating the number of electrons 117 finding relationship between current and magnetic field 126 graph voltage vs. speed 126 determining which changes have the largest effect on voltage produced 127 explaining the relationship between voltage and magnet configuration 139 investigate variables and how they affect the period of a pendulum 170 using results to derive law of reflection

16 Page 16 of calculating wave speeds 453 equation for the speed of a wave 547 equation for the speed of light _3A Scientific Processes 4 what is analysis 12 analyze the graphical models The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to: in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanations, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student. 8 scientific method 10 using models to evaluate systems 22 scientific method in action 23 science helps us learn about natural world 196 the evidence supports the conclusion 244 analyzing the atomic theory 245 development of atom models 248 evaluating the development of fundamental forces theory 252 analyzing quantum theory 268 contrasting John Dalton's atomic theory with today's knowledge #1 280 Einstein's conclusion about the flow of time 285 evaluating the big bang theory 286 possibilities of special relativity theory 53 designing and testing a solution to the lever mystery 64 analyze the results 76 evaluating the success of heat transfer model 80 energy and quantum theory 81 spectral analysis and electron energy levels 84 observe and evaluate two frames of reference for the same event 87 explore and analyze consequences of time dilation 88 evaluate consequences of Einstein's theory of special relativity 121 comparing and evaluating models 183 exploring the concept of polarization of light 186 explain how your observations support or refute the hypothesis 287 a challenge for physicists 291 analyzing changing ideas in scientific theories 346 examining Franklin's theories of electricity _3B

17 Page 17 of _3B Scientific Processes The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to: communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials. 11 communicating via measurement 47 internet keyword search: whalenet 103 analyzing a nutrition label 213 research the use of solar cells 314 analyze an appliance label 333 research information about the production and sale of hybrid autos 359 researching the use of capacitors 468 research the sweet spot baseball bat phenomenon 493 researching what it means to have perfect pitch 535 research information on optical systems (#3) 542 research and report (#6) 19 research and define inertia and weight and mass 68 researching fuel efficiency and communicating your findings 70 researching properties of materials 90 researching Einstein's theory of general relativity 120 use the internet to research maglev trains 167 researching vision 168 research how computer monitors and televsions make colors 168 researching CMYK and RGB color applications 180 research electromagnetic waves 180 presenting what you have learned 559 research phenomenon associated with 3-D movie viewing (#1) _3C Scientific Processes The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to: 103 analyzing a nutrition label 314 analyze an appliance label 67 which transportation method is the most efficient? 180 analyze industrial use of a type of electromagnetic wave draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services _3D Scientific Processes 6 contributions of James Joule and Julius Mayer to heat energy 6 contributions of Wilhelm Rontgen to discovery of x-rays 20 George Atwood 90 Albert Einstein 128 Michael Faraday

18 Page 18 of 40 The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to: 22 contributions of Alexander Fleming to medicine 23 impact of medical breakthroughs 54 Newton s idea of force explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society. 216 contributions of Democritus and Leucippus to atomic theory 242 chemist Joseph Black 242 physicist Lord Kelvin 244 contributions of John Dalton to atomic theory 245 contributions of Ernest Rutherford, J.J. Thomson, Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden to atomic theory 248 contributions of Charles-Augustin Coulomb to electromagnetic forces 248 contributions of Henry Cavendish and John Mitchell to universal gravitation 248 contributions of Hideki Yukawa and Enrico Fermi to understanding fundamental forces 252 contributions of Neils Bohr to atomic theory 253 contributions of Erwin Schrödinger to quantum mechanics 253 contributions of Wolfgang Pauli s to quantum mechanics 254 contributions of Werner Heisenberg to quantum mechanics 266 contributions of Juris Zarins, Ron Blom, Nickolas Clapp to archaeology 282 contributions of Albert Einstein to general relativity

19 Page 19 of _3E _3F Scientific Processes The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to: research and describe the connections between physics and future careers. 383 contributions of Hans Christian Oersted and Michael Faraday to electromagnetic induction 407 studying how electromagnetic fields affect biological systems 419 contributions of Galileo to astronomy 441 contributions of William LeMessurier to damping harmonic motion on skyscrapers 512 contributions of Willard Boyle and George Smith to the CCD 536 developing retinal implants 22 bacteriologist 70 astronaut training 96 forensic engineering 126 building design and construction 132 civil engineer (# 3) 209 engineering research in tidal power 236 space suit design 277 physicists have built special experiments to capture and study neutrinos 287 a challenge for theoretical physicists 332 automobile engineering and hybrid cars 536 designing medical devices 558 seismology 559 geophysicists 132 connection to earth science: gravitational fields 166 connection to life science: photoreceptors in the eye Scientific Processes 19 mathematical descriptions 6 predicting the speed of the car

20 Page 20 of 40 The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to: express and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to make predictions and solve problems mathematically including problems requiring proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition. 36 mathematical model of acceleration 62 you can predict that a downhill force must exist 63 you can predict the velocity after it is dropped 65 average speed equation 67 calculating weight 79 momentum equation 80 relating impulse and momentum conservation 81 the law of conservation of momentum allows us to make accurate predictions 84 the work equation 86 proportional energies 88 the law of conservation of energy can be used to predict the height of the ball 107 force vectors 108 graphical force vector addition 112 graphical resultant vector 115 Hooke s law equation 136 working with velocity vector 6 comparing prediction with measurement 28 predicting maximum velocity through energy conservation law 29 testing your predictions 30 comparing predicted velocities to measured velocities 34 working with force vectors 36 create a vector diagram to scale 37 predicting the acceleration of the car on the ramp 57 calculate and compare input and output work 60 predicting speed of car 62 calculate the kinetic energy of the car 94 propose a relationship between power and voltage 105 calculate power used by the bulb 107 calculate energy and power 111 derive a formula to calculate the charge 117 find relationship between current and magnetic field 144 proportional speeds 145 linear speed equation 153 equation for law of universal gravitation 127 explain the relationship between voltage and magnet configuration 151 multiply frequency and wavelength of standing wave to find the speed 158 predicting currents and eddies 170 use results to derive law of reflection 171 the power equation 178 calculating mechanical advantage 229 the heat equation

21 Page 21 of proportional heat transfer 256 proportional masses 304 proportional voltages 305 use Ohm's law to predict the current 342 proportional charges 431 harmonic motion graphs 452 calculating wave speeds 453 equation for the speed of a wave 547 equation for the speed of light _4A

22 Page 22 of _4A Forces and Motion 13 measuring time 1 using and understanding photogates The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to: generate and interpret graphs and charts describing different types of motion including the use of real-time technology such as motion detectors or photogates. 18 speed units 26 interpreting distance/time graph 38 position vs. time graphs 39 position vs. time graph for accelerating motion 40 speed vs. time graph 41 speed vs. time graph for accelerating motion 43 finding distance from a speed vs. time graph 3 speed defined and calculated 4 measure the speed of the car 6 create a graph of the car's speed vs. position 14 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 15 using photogates 17 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 19 why did the speed change? 141 projectile motion problems 149 acceleration and circular motion 154 understanding orbital motion 22 create and analzye a second law of motion graph 26 find the speed of the car 36 create a vector diagram 49 find the launch speed of the marble 60 measure speed of car 61 experiment and find average speed 63 using a timer and photogates 63 measure speed of car 125 use a timer and photogate to measure speed of rotor 138 use a timer and photogate to measure the period of a pendulum _4B

23 Page 23 of _4B Forces and Motion The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to: describe and analyze motion in one dimension using equations with the concepts of distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration. 17 speed defined 18 calculating speed 19 velocity defined 30 position vs. distance 31 position and displacement 64 velocity defined 65 average speed equation 69 terminal speed 134 understanding displacement 136 speed vs. velocity 143 angular speed 10 differentiate between position, distance, and displacement 11 compare and contrast speed and velocity 13 create a model for the velocity of energy car 14 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 16 collect data to calculate the car's acceleration 17 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 28 predicting maximum velocity through energy conservation law 37 predict the acceleration of the car on the ramp _4C

24 Page 24 of _4C Forces and Motion 35 acceleration of sports cars 15 using photogates The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to: analyze and describe accelerated motion in two dimensions using equations including projectile and circular examples. 36 mathematical model of acceleration 37 acceleration and velocity 39 position vs. time graph for accelerating motion 41 speed vs. time graph for accelerating motion 16 collect data to calculate the car's acceleration 17 create and study a velocity vs. time graph 23 investigate free fall 36 create a vector diagram 63 calculations pertaining to free fall 44 investigate projectile motion 64 acceleration of falling objects 137 projectile explained 138 free fall component of a trajectory 49 find the average range of the launched marble 51 levers and torque 141 projectile motion problems 148 inertia and circular motion 149 acceleration and circular motion 154 understanding orbital motion 169 work and gravity 412 gravitational field _4D Forces and Motion 54 force defined 18 investigate mass and inertia The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to: calculate the effect of forces on objects including the law of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and the nature of force pairs between objects. 55 inertia defined 56 units of force 59 quantitative understanding of second law 60 applying Newton s second law properly 61 using second law formula 63 calculations pertaining to free fall 67 weight vs. mass 68 weight vs. mass 19 research and define inertia and weight and mass 20 second law of motion 21 investigate second law of motion 22 create and analzye a second law of motion graph 23 investigate free fall 25 investigate Newton's 3rd law 31 investigate Newton's 3rd law of motion

25 Page 25 of effects of air resistance 35 using Newton's second law 77 Newton s third law 78 sorting out force pairs 81 applying third law 95 car crash safety 37 predict the acceleration of the car on the ramp 42 investigate sliding friction 44 investigate projectile motion 114 Newton s third law and springs 117 friction explained 117 cause of friction 118 static and sliding friction 120 reducing friction 121 useful friction 126 the third law and physics of walls 148 inertia and circular motion 150 inertia and centrifugal force 183 friction explained 436 Newton s second law and oscillators 436 inertia and pendulums _4E Forces and Motion 57 net force explained 34 working with force vectors The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to: develop and interpret free-body force diagrams. 60 balanced and unbalanced forces 61 net force and second law calculating 109 using a free-body diagram 113 when net force is zero 35 free body diagrams 36 resolve a force into component vectors and solve for the unknown force _4F

26 Page 26 of _4F Forces and Motion 17 comparing speeds 84 investigate frames of reference The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to: identify and describe motion relative to different frames of reference. 278 theory of special relativity 85 demonstrate two frames of reference 86 consider that time passes at different rates in reference frames that are moving relative to each other _5A Electromagnetism 54 Newton s idea of force The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. 244 atomic theory 247 electromagnetic and strong force 247 weak force explained 342 electric forces are very strong _5B Electromagnetism The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: describe and calculate how the magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers. 153 Newton s law of universal gravitation explained 154 understanding orbital motion 155 understanding center of mass 156 understanding center of gravity 157 mass and the center of gravity 132 understand and investigate electric and gravitational fields _5C

27 Page 27 of _5C Electromagnetism The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: describe and calculate how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between them. 342 understanding Coulomb s law 132 understand and investigate electric and gravitational fields _5D Electromagnetism The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: identify examples of electric and magnetic forces in everyday life. 295 examples of electric circuits in nature 342 electric forces are very strong 362 what is a magnet 363 using magnetic forces 364 magnetic fields 116 use a compass to investigate magnetic forces 117 compare electromagnet and permanent magnet 120 making a model maglev train 121 design a maglev train model 366 electromagnets 368 paramagnetic materials 371 compass 132 understand and investigate electric and gravitational fields 133 use magnetic fields to solve a puzzle 376 magnets and MRI scanners 382 building your own compass (#3) 414 the electric field _5E Electromagnetism 306 semiconductors 92 investigate conductors and insulators The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: characterize materials as conductors or insulators based on their electrical properties. 306 conductors and insulators 348 electrons and insulators 348 superconductors 348 electrons and semiconductors

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29 Page 29 of _5F Electromagnetism 294 electric current 91 build circuits The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: design, construct, and calculate in terms of current through, potential difference across, resistance of, and power used by electric circuit elements connected in both series and parallel combinations. 295 electric circuits 296 circuit diagrams 297 battery circuits 298 current in simple circuits 299 understanding voltage 300 how batteries work 301 measuring current with a multimeter 302 understanding electrical resistance 303 measuring resistance 304 Ohm s law 305 resistance of common objects 307 resistors 316 series circuits 92 measure voltage 93 measure current 94 a circuit with a dimmer switch 95 investigate Ohm's law 96 investigate resistance and potentiometers 97 investigating voltage drops 100 investigate series circuits 101 investigate series circuits 102 Ohm's law and short circuits 103 compare series and parallel circuits 105 finding power used by a circuit 106 explain what you observed in terms of energy and power 317 current in a series circuit 107 calculate energy and power 318 voltage in a series circuit 110 investigate the flow of electric charge 319 Ohm s law and voltage drops 111 work with Ohm's law 321 parallel circuits 322 voltage in a parallel circuit 324 comparing series and parallel circuits 325 parallel circuits in homes 327 calculating power in a circuit 346 charge and current 349 voltage and charge 351 voltage and capacitors

30 Page 30 of _5G Electromagnetism The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: investigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in applications such as generators, motors, and transformers. 366 electromagnets 367 building an electromagnet 385 magnetic field of a wire 386 using coils to concentrate a magnetic field 389 how an electric motor works 390 how a battery-powered electric motor works 392 Faraday s law of induction 117 find relationship between current and magnetic field 119 investigate how a steel pin affects magnetic force created by a coil 122 build a simple electric motor 123 build an electric motor and perform experiments 125 investigate electromagentic induction 126 implement your generator design change ideas 393 how a generator works 127 investigate how generators work 398 how transformers work _5H Electromagnetism 247 electromagnetic and strong force The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: 247 weak force explained describe evidence for and effects of the strong and weak nuclear forces in nature _6A Mechanical Energy The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: investigate and calculate quantities using the work-energy theorem in various situations. 84 energy is stored work 86 calculating kinetic energy 87 kinetic energy and stopping distance of a car 168 work results from force and distance that are in same distance 169 work done by or against gravity 58 investigate concept of energy as stored work 59 graph force vs. distance 62 describe energy changes 64 investigate friction as a part of energy flow 219 kinetic theory and temperature _6B

31 Page 31 of _6B Mechanical Energy The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: investigate examples of kinetic and potential energy and their transformations. 85 potential energy explained 86 kinetic energy explained 87 kinetic energy and stopping distance of a car 88 potential to kinetic energy conversions 89 using energy conservation to solve problems 114 potential and kinetic energy in a spring 203 energy flow diagram for mechanical systems 27 conservation of energy and the pendulum 28 predicting maximum velocity through energy conservation law 58 investigate concept of energy as stored work 62 calculate the kinetic energy of the car 63 investigate energy flow in a system 64 calculate energy _6C Mechanical Energy The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: calculate the mechanical energy of power, generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system. 79 calculating momentum 80 understanding impulse 84 calculating work 94 impulse and practical problem solving 169 calculating work 171 calculating power 172 maximum power output of a person 184 efficiency explained 27 conservation of energy and the pendulum 31 investigate momentum 57 calculate and compare input and output work 62 calculate efficiency of the experimental system 66 calculate each person's power 94 propose a relationship between power and voltage 198 power explained 105 finding power used by a circuit 199 three ways to look at power 200 efficiency explained 201 efficiency of a heat engine 106 explain what you observed in terms of energy and power 107 calculate energy and power 202 efficiency of living things 203 mechanical systems and energy 204 power in human technology 206 power in natural systems 332 efficiency of electric motors

32 Page 32 of _6D Mechanical Energy The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension. 10 conservation of energy 80 relating impulse and momentum conservation 81 the law of conservation of momentum allows us to make accurate predictions 82 using momentum conservation to solve problems 88 law of conservation of energy 89 using energy conservation to solve problems 27 conservation of energy and the pendulum 28 predicting maximum velocity through energy conservation law 64 draw an energy flow diagram 80 model how atoms exchange energy 92 momentum and collisions 95 momentum and car safety 197 energy conservation and closed systems _6E Thermodynamics The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter including kinetic or potential energy of atoms. 219 kinetic theory and temperature 220 phases of matter 221 heat energy and molecular motion 222 measuring temperature 223 absolute zero 226 understanding the difference between heat and temperature 228 specific heat explained 69 compare and contrast heat and temperature 71 investigate energy and phase changes 72 arrangement of solid, liquid, gas particles _6F

33 Page 33 of _6F Thermodynamics 231 heat conduction 73 investigate heat transfer The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: contrast and give examples of different processes of thermal energy transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. 232 thermal conductivity 233 natural and forced convection 234 thermal radiation 235 heat transfer is everywhere 236 constraints and materials to consider for the design of space gear 74 use a temperature sensor and data collecton system 76 what can you do to demonstrate heat transfer by radiation? _6G Thermodynamics The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to: analyze and explain everyday examples that illustrate the laws of thermodynamics, including the law of conservation of energy and the law of entropy. 10 conservation of energy 88 law of conservation of energy 89 using energy conservation to solve problems 183 output work is always less than input work 200 efficiency explained 201 thermodynamics and entropy 203 energy flow diagram for mechanical systems 27 conservation of energy and the pendulum 64 draw an energy flow diagram 80 model how atoms exchange energy 205 energy flow in natural systems _7A