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47 2 2010 3 ( ) Journa l o f Peking U n ive rsity ( Ph ilo sop hy and So c ia l Sc ie nce s) Vol. 47, No. 2 Mar.

1 ( ) Journa l o f Peking U n ive rsity ( Ph ilo sop hy and So c ia l Sc ie nce s) Vol. 47, No. 2 Mar : 1 2 (11, ; 21, ) : 20,, : ; ;; : F06113 : A : (2010) ,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, : ; ( ) () ; ( ) 20 80, Amartya Sen, GDP Sen ( Sen, 1985, 1999) Sen, 1990 (UNDP), : :,, : :

2 2 : : 145 (UNDP, 1990) ;, ;,,, ;,, 11 20, UNDP, : ( 1 );, (2) ; (3) UNDP 1990,, (HD I), (1),( empowerment), 2005 (Anand Sen, 2000 ), ( ) ( intrinsic value ) ( instrumental value),,, :, ( ),,, 200,,,, 160, (, ) 5,, 3. 7%, Solow (1974),,,, : http: / /www. who. int/mediacentre /factsheets/fs313 /zh / index. htm l

3 146 ( ) 2010 (2),,,, 50 ; ; 80 90% 33% , 160, 90% 21 : ;, ; (1), (1990), ( ), ( 1986 ), , ,GNP 2%,, 2006, , GDP 1. 24%, 3. 1 (2) UNDP ( 1998 ), 1990, , GDP 318% 713%, , GDP 117% 215%,, GDP 2%(UNDP, 1998) () 1000, 400 (UNDP, 1998) Larson (1999),, %, GDP 12%, GNP %,,, (World Bank, 1992) 31 (1), : http: / /www. who. int/mediacentre /factsheets/fs292 /zh / index. htm l. : : http: / /www. who. int/water_sanitation_health /mdg1 /en / index. htm l

4 2 : : 147,,90%,2 /3 (UNDP, 1998) (2),,,, ( Shogren, 2001),,,, Saldiva ( 1994) PM 10 65, PM ug/m 3, 13%,,,,,,, (UNDP, 1998) : :,,,,, ( ) 20 70, ( ), U : ; ( ) ( Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC ) ( Grossman Krueger, 1991) A rrow (1995), EKC,,,, Suri Chapman (1998), EKC Jones Manuelli (1995),,, U,, Selden Song (1995),, EKC Shalfik Bandyopadhyay ( 1992 ) EKC 149, SO 2 GDP EKC,,, 1955 ( Kuznets, 1955)

5 148 ( ) 2010, EKC Antweiler ( 2001) Hettige (1992) 80, GDP EKC, Shafik ( 1994 ) SPM SO 2 EKC,, EKC, ( ) ( ),, (, 2004) :, EKC,,,, ( ) Copeland Taylor ( 1994), ;,, ( race to the bottom ) ( Dua Esty, 1997) Hettige (1992),,, ;,,,, EKC,, Eliste Fredriksson ( 1998),, Anderson (1992),, W heeler(2001) B irdsall,, W heeler(1992),, 4,,, Grossman Krueger ( 1991 ) (NAFTA ), NAFTA, SO 2 SPM

6 2 : : 149 (pollution havens), ( dirty industries) (Hettige, 1992) (Low Yeats, 1992; Xing Kolstad, 2002; Ederington M inier, 2003; Levinson Taylor, 2004),,, (Jaffe, 1995; Beghin Potier, 1997), Porter(1991) Porter van der L inde (1995),,,, ( ),,,,, ( Ichmura, 2003),,, ( ), (WB, 2008) Grossman Krueger(1995) 42,, U,, ( Ichmura, 2003),,,, (1), ( ),,, 10, 60%, (V illholth, 2006 ) 2005, 90%, , 50, (2), (Duh, 2008),,,,, (Dale, 1997),, (, 2009),,,,, Sen (2009), (3)

7 150 ( ) 2010,, , 4517, % (,, 2007), (2007),,,, ( ) : [ 1 ] Anand S, Sen A K. Human Development and Econom ic Sustainability [ J ]. W orld D evelopm ent, 1990, 28 ( 12) : [ 2 ] Anderson K. Agricultural trade liberalisation and the environment: A global perspective [ J ]. The W orld Econom y, 1992, 15: [ 3 ] AntweilerW, Copeland B, Taylor S. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment [ J ]. Am erican Econom ic Review, 2001, 91 ( 4) : [ 4 ] A rrow K, Bolin B, Costanza R, Dasgup ta P, Folke C, Halling C S, Jansson B, Levin S, Maler K, Perrings C, Pimental D. Econom ic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment [ J ]. Ecological Econom ics, 1995, 15: [ 5 ] Beghin J, Potier M. Effects of Trade L iberalisation on the Environment in the Manufacturing Sector[ J ]. The W orld Econom y, 1997, 20 (4) : [ 6 ] B irdsall N, W heeler D. Trade policy and industrial pollution in Latin America: where are the pollution havens [ J ]. International Trade and the Environm ent, 1992, 159: [ 7 ] Copeland B R, Taylor M S. North2South Trade and the Environment [ J ]. The Q uarterly Journal of Econom ics, 1994, 109 (3) : [ 8 ] Dua A, Esty D C. Sustaining The A sia Pacific M iracle: Environmental p rotection and Econom ic Integration [ R ]. W ashington, DC: Institute for International Econom ics, [ 9 ] Ederington J, M inier J. Is environmental policy a secondary trade barrier? An emp irical analysis [ J ]. Canadian Journal of Econom ics, 2003, 36 ( 1 ) : [ 10 ] Eliste P, Fredriksson P G. Does Open Trade Result in a Race to the Bottom? Cross2Country Evidence [ R ]. M imeo, the World Bank, [ 11 ] Environment Protection Agency of United States. Environmental investment: The cost of a clean environment[ R ] [ 12 ] Grossman G M, Krueger A. Environmental Impacts of A North American Free Trade Agreement [ R ]. NBER Working Paper No. 3914, [ 13 ] Grossman G M, Krueger A. Econom ic Growth and Environment [ J ]. Q uarterly Journal of Econom ic, 1995, 110: [ 14 ] Hettige H, Lucas R E B, W heeler D. The Toxic

8 2 : : 151 Intensity of Industrial Production: Global Patterns, Trends, and Trade Policy [ J ]. Am erican Econom ic Review, 1992, 82 (2) : [ 15 ] Ichmura M. U rbanization, U rban Environment and Land U se: Challenges and Opportunities[ C ]. A sia2 Pacific Forum for Environment and Development, [ 16 ] Jaffe A B. Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of US manufacturing: W hat does the evidence tell US[ J ]. Journal of Econom ic L iterature, 1995 (33) : [ 17 ] Jones L E, Manuelli R E. A Positive Model of Growth and Pollution Controls[ R ]. NBER, Working Paper No. 5205, [ 18 ] Kuznets S. Econom ic Growth and Income Inequality [ J ]. Am erican Econom ic Review, 1955, 45 (1) : [ 19 ] Larson B A, Avaliani S, Golub A, Rosen S, Shaposhnikov D, Strukova E, V incent J R, Wolff S K. The econom ics of air pollution health risks in Russia: a case study of Volgograd [ J ]. W orld developm ent, 1999, 27 ( 10) : [ 20 ] Levinson A, Taylor M S. Unmasking the pollution haven effect[ R ]. NBER Working Paper No , [ 21 ] Low P, Yeats A. Do dirty industries m igrate[ R ]? World Bank D iscussion Papers No. 159, [ 22 ] McPherson E G. Energy2saving potential of trees in Chicago [ R ]. In: M cpherson, E. G., Nowak, D. J., and Rowntree, R. A. ( eds. ) Chicago s U rban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago U rban Forest Climate Project. USDA Forest Service Genera) Technical Report NE2186, Radnor, PA, 1994: ; [ 23 ] Owens S. Energy, Planning, and U rban Form [M ]. Pion, London, U. K, [ 24 ] PorterM E. America s Green Strategy[ J ]. Scientific Am erica, 1991, 264 ( 4) : 96. [ 25 ] Saldiva P H N, Pope C A, Dockery D W, Schwartz J. A ir Pollution and Mortality in Elderly Peop le: A Time - Series Study in Sao Paulo, B razil [ J ]. A rchives of Environm ental Health, 1995, 50 (2). [ 26 ] Sen AK. Comm odities and Capabilities [M ]. New York: Oxford University Press, [ 27 ] Sen A K. D evelopm ent as F reedom [M ]. New York: A lfred A. Knopf, Inc., [ 28 ] Sen A K, Trade, U rbanization and Environment[ C ]. Keynote speech at the Second Human Development Forum, Beijing, China, [ 29 ] Selden T M, Song D. Neoclassical Growth, the J Curve for Abatement, and the Inverted U Curve for Pollution [ J ]. Journal of Environm ental Econom ics and M anagem ent, 1995, 29 (2) : [ 30 ] Shalfik N, Bandyopadhyay S. Econom ic growth and environmental quality: time series and cross2section evidence [ R ]. World Bank Policy research working paper, W PS904, [ 31 ] Shafik, N. Econom ic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis [ J ], O xford Econom ic Papers, 1994, 46: [ 32 ] Shogren J F. Children and the Environment: Valuing indirect effects on a child s life chances [ J ]. Contem porary Econom ic Policy, 2001, 19 (4) : [ 33 ] Solow R M. Intergenerational equity and exhaustible resources [ J ], Review of Econom ic S tudies, Symposium, 1974: [ 34 ] Suri V, Chapman D. Econom ic growth, trade and energy: imp lications for the environmental Kuznets curve[ J ]. Ecological Econom ics, 1998, 25 ( 2) : [ 35 ] UNDP. Hum an D evelopm ent Report New York: Oxford University Press, [ 36 ] UNDP. Hum an D evelopm ent Report New York: Oxford University Press, [ 37 ] UNDP. Hum an D evelopm ent Report New York: Oxford University Press, [ 38 ] V illhoth K G. :.,. Hydrogeology Journal, 2006, 14: [ 39 ] World Bank. W orld D evelopm ent R eport W ashington, DC: World Bank, [ 40 ] World Bank. W orld D evelopm ent R eport 2009, W ashington, DC: World Bank, [ 41 ] Xing Y, Kolstad D C. Do Lax Environmental Regulations A ttract Foreign D irect Investment [ J ]? Environm ental and Resource Econom ics, 2002, 21 (1) : [ 42 ],. [ J ]., 2007, 14 (4) : [ 43 ],,. [ J ]., 2007, 62 (6) : [ 44 ]. [ R ]., [ 45 ]. [ J ]., 2004, (7) : ( )

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Latin America: Looking for the Existence of Environmental Kuznets Curves

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Latin America: Looking for the Existence of Environmental Kuznets Curves Krishna P. Paudel Hector Zapata Alejandro Diaz Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness