UNITED STATES & WORLD WAR TWO THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR TWO FROM THE FAILURE OF VERSAILLES TO THE CRISIS WITH THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN

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1 UNITED STATES & WORLD WAR TWO THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR TWO FROM THE FAILURE OF VERSAILLES TO THE CRISIS WITH THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN

2 UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 1920s A M E R I C A N S B E C O M E E X T R E M E L Y S U S P I C I O U S O F F O R E I G N W A R S D E S P I T E I S O L A T I O N I S T F E E L I N G S, U N I T E D S T A T E S N E G O T I A T E S W I T H E U R O P E A N & A S I A N P O W E R S F O R B A L A N C E O F P O W E R T H E W A S H I N G T O N N A V A L T R E A T Y O F R A T I O O F B A T T L E S H I P C O N S T R U C T I O N T O R E D U C E T E N S I O N S I N T H E E A S T W I T H R E D U C T I O N O F U S / U K F O R T I F I C A T I O N S I N P L A C E S S U C H A S S I N G A P O R E

3 THE OPTIMISM OF THE NINETEEN TWENTIES EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIVAL RAISES HOPES OF PEACE THE KELLOGG BRIAND PACT SIGNED BY SIXTY TWO COUNTRIES CONDEMNING USE OF WAR BETWEEN NATIONS BUT NO MECHANISM FOR ENFORCEMENT

4 GOOD NEIGHBORS IN LATIN AMERICA : U S I N T E R V E N E D I N L A T I N A M E R I C A T W E N T Y T I M E S U N D E R T H E A E G I S O F T H E R O O S E V E L T C O R O L L A R Y : C L A R K M E M O R A N D U M R E J E C T S C O R O L L A R Y : S E C R E T A R Y O F S T A T E H U L L S H O C K S A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L G A T H E R I N G B Y S A Y I N G T H A T N O N A T I O N H A S T H E R I G H T T O I N T E R V E N E I N T H E A F F A I R S O F A N O T H E R! : U S T R O O P S L E A V E N I C A R A G U A : U S T R O O P S W I T H D R A W N F R O M H A I T I P L A T T A M E N D M E N T O V E R T U R N E D R O O S E V E L T R E F U S E S T O S E N D I N T R O O P S W H E N M E X I C O A P P R P R O P R I A T E S F O R E I G N O I L P R O P E R T I E S

5 ISOLATIONISM IN THE 1930s ANTI-WAR FEELINGS ON THE RISE 1935: 150,000 COLLEGE STUDENTS MARCH AGAINST WAR 70% OF AMERICANS BELIEVE PARTICIPATION IN WWI WAS A MISTAKE APRIL 1935: 50,000 US VETERANS HOLD A PEACE MARCH IN WASHINGTON DC

6 INVESTIGATING THE MERCHANTS OF DEATH C O M M I T T E E H E A D E D B Y P R O G R E S S I V E R E P U B L I C A N S E N A T O R G E R A L D N Y E U N C O V E R S N E X U S B E T W E E N A R M S M A N U F A C T U R E R S & R O A D T O W O R L D W A R O N E H O U S E O F D U P O N T R E C E I V E D $ B I L L I O N I N O R D E R S D U R I N G A N I N C R E A S E O F % O V E R P R O F I T S F O U R Y E A R S B E F O R E W O R L D W A R O N E D O U G L A S M A C A R T H U R, C H I E F O F S T A F F O F U N I T E D S T A T E S A R M Y, A D V E R T I Z E D W R I G H T C O R P O R A T I O N A I R C R A F T T O T U R K I S H M I L I T A R Y G E N E R A L S T A F F I T L O O K S T O M E L I K E G E N. M A C A R T H U R W A S P R E T T Y M U C H A S A L E S M A N. I T M A K E S O N E B E G I N T O W O N D E R I F T H E A R M Y A N D N A V Y I S J U S T A S A L E S O R G A N I Z A T I O N F O R P R I V A T E I N D U S T R Y. S E N A T O R G E R A L D N Y E

7 INVESTIGATING THE MERCHANTS OF DEATH NYE COMMISSION FINDS THAT WOODROW WILSON LIED TO THE SENATE ABOUT THE OBJECTIVES OF THE ALLIED POWERS WORLD WAR ONE WAS NOT ABOUT DEMOCRACY AS MUCH AS IT WAS TO DIVIDE THE EMPIRES OF THE DEFEATED POWERS NYE COMMISSION S PROPOSALS TO RESTRICT WAR PROFITS ARE EITHER STALLED OR WATERED- DOWN BY THE ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION AND CONGRESS

8 THE ROAD TO WORLD WAR TWO: VERSAILLES TREATY ARTICLE 231: GERMANY ACCEPTS SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR WAR LOSES 13% OF TERRITORY & 6 MILLION SUBJECTS LOSES LINK TO EAST PRUSSIA TO NEW STATE OF POLAND BILLIONS TO BE PAID IN REPARATIONS WHEN GERMAN ECONOMY HAS ALREADY BEEN BADLY DAMAGED

9 CRITICISMS OF VERSAILLES G E R M A N Y D I D N O T S T A R T C R I S I S T H A T L E D T O W O R L D W A R O N E B U T I S E X P E C T E D T O B E A R S O L E R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y A L L I E S E X P E C T G E R M A N Y T O P A Y R E P A R A T I O N S B U T D O N O T W A N T T O E N F O R C E I T B Y M I L I T A R Y O C C U P A T I O N ( E X C E P T F R A N C E ) G E R M A N Y I S T O O W E A K E N E D B Y W A R, Y E T H A S T O P A Y B I L L I O N S I N R E P A R A T I O N S G E R M A N Y I S E C O N O M I C P O W E R H O U S E O F E U R O P E, I F I T F A C E S C R I S I S T H E N S O W I L L E U R O P E J O H N M A Y N A R D K E Y N E S : A U T H O R O F T H E E C O N O M I C C O N S E Q U E N C E S O F T H E W A R, W A R N S A G A I N S T F O R C I N G G E R M A N Y T O P A Y R E P A R A T I O N S, P R E D I C T I N G A F U T U R E W A R

10 THE RISE OF ADOLF HITLER WEIMAR GERMANY: MOST PROGRESSIVE GOVERNMENT IN EUROPE BUT IS HATED BY BOTH THE LEFT & THE RIGHT BUT RIGHT IS SUPPORTED BY THE ARMY & STATE INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS OF WEIMAR ARE CONTROLLED BY FORMER IMPERIAL BUREAUCRACY RESPECTABLE BIG BUSINESSES & CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL PARTIES ARE LOOKING FOR ALLIES TO DESTROY LEFT AND WORKERS UNIONS

11 THE RISE OF ADOLF HITLER A D O L F H I T L E R : L O W E R M I D D L E C L A S S B A C K G R O U N D P A R T I C I P A T E S I N W O R L D W A R O N E R E T A I N E D A S P A R T O F 1 0 0, M E M B E R G E R M A N A R M Y S E N T I N A S M I L I T A R Y S P Y T O I N V E S T I G A T E FAR- R I G H T N A T I O N A L S O C I A L I S T G E R M A N W O R K E R S P A R T Y ( A L S O K N O W N A S N A Z I P A R T Y ) R E O R G A N I Z E S N S D A P, W I T H C L E A R A T T A C K O N V E R S A I L L E S T R E A T Y, R E A R M A M E N T A N D A R E T U R N O F A L L G E R M A N T E R R I T O R I E S L O S T A T V E R S A I L L E S B A C K E D B Y G E R M A N B I G B U S I N E S S & C O N S E R V A T I V E P A R T I E S H I S P A R T Y S A R M E D W I N G, T H E S A [ S T U R M A B T E I L U N G S T O R M B A T T A L I O N ], O P E N L Y C L A S H W I T H L E F T - W I N G P A R T Y A C T I V I S T S A N D A T T A C K W O R K E R S A N D U N I O N S

12 WAS HITLER S SEIZURE OF POWER INEVITABLE? W H E N W E I M A R R E C O V E R S I N M I D - TO- L A T E S, S U P P O R T F O R N A T I O N A L S O C I A L I S T S D E C L I N E B U T W O R L D W I D E C R A S H O F L E A D S T O A N O T H E R E C O N O M I C D E C L I N E, 4 0 % U N E M P L O Y M E N T S E E S R E S U R G E N C E O F H I T L E R I N E L E C T I O N S O F : J U L Y , P O P U L A R I T Y P E A K S A T 3 7 % O F V O T E A N D S E A T S I N G E R M A N P A R L I A M E N T, I N N O V E M B E R , F A L L S T O 3 3 % & S E A T S B U T P R E S I D E N T P A U L H I N D E N B U R G A N D C O N S E R V A T I V E P A R T I E S F E E L T H E Y C A N C O N T R O L H I M, A P P O I N T H I M C H A N C E L L O R O F G E R M A N Y. H E U S E S E X C U S E O F R E I C H S T A G ( G E R M A N P A R L I A M E N T F I R E ) T O P A S S E N A B L I N G A C T G R A N T I N G H I M D I C T A T O R I A L P O W E R S

13 THE ROAD TO APPEASEMENT O N C E H I T L E R I S I N P O W E R, H E B E G I N S T O R E A R M G E R M A N Y, A N D G R A D U A L L Y B E G I N S T O T E A R A P A R T T H E T R E A T Y O F V E R S A I L L E S, B U T A L L I E D P O W E R S D O N O T R E S P O N D A T A L L. W H Y?

14 APPEASEMENT T H E P O L I T I C S O F A P P E A S E M E N T : G R E A T B R I T A I N A N D F R A N C E D O N O T H I N G B E C A U S E I T W I L L G I V E T H E M T I M E T O R E A R M P O W E R F U L C O N S E R V A T I V E F O R C E S I N B R I T A I N, U N I T E D S T A T E S & F R A N C E A R E E X T R E M E L Y S Y M P A T H E T I C T O H I T L E R ; W I N S T O N C H U R C H I L L, T H E B R I T I S H R I G H T - W I N G C O N S E R V A T I V E P O L I T I C I A N A N D O T H E R S L I K E H I M, A D M I R E F A S C I S T S A N D C O N S I D E R S T H E M A D E F E N S E A G A I N S T S O V I E T U N I O N W E S T E R N P O W E R S W A N T T O A P P E A S E G E R M A N Y S O T H A T I T W I L L G O E A S T ; T H E U S S R A N D N O T N A T I O N A L S O C I A L I S T G E R M A N Y I S T H E M A I N E N E M Y O F T H E M A J O R W E S T E R N P O W E R S A N D T H E H O P E I S T H A T H I T L E R W I L L D E S T R O Y U S S R

15 ALLIANCE BETWEEN US BUSINESSES & GERMANY IBM HAS CONTROLLING INTEREST IN DEHOMAG A FIRM THOMAS WATSON OF IBM DECORATED WITH THE GRAND CROSS OF THE GERMAN EAGLE BY ADOLF HITLER FOR IBM S CONTRIBUTIONS TO GERMAN GOVERNMENT S CENSUS CAPABILITIES ALLOWED NATIONAL SOCIALISTS TO DRAW UP LIST OF JEWISH GERMANS GENERAL MOTORS OWN OPEL COMPANY FORD S INVESTMENT IN ITS GERMAN SUBSIDIARIES IN THE NINETEEN THIRTIES JAMES D. MOONEY, HEAD OF GM OVERSEES OPERATIONS ALSO HONORED BY GERMAN AUTHORITIES FOR CONTRIBUTIONS BY GM S GERMAN SUBSIDIARIES

16 EMPIRE OF THE RISING SUN IMPERIAL JAPAN IS THE ONLY COUNTRY OF IMPORTANCE IN ASIA TO HAVE ESCAPED SUBJUGATION BY WESTERN IMPERIALIST POWERS INDUSTRIALIZING IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY JAPAN IS BOTH MODERN AND FEUDAL. THE COUNTRY HAS THE TRAPPINGS OF DEMOCRACY BUT IS CONTROLLED BY POWERFUL FACTIONS, INCLUDING THE MILITARY, THE EMPEROR IS AT THE APEX, REVERED BY ALL AND HIS VIEWS RESPECTED

17 EMPIRE OF THE RISING SUN M O D E L E D O N T H E B R I T I S H, F R E N C H A N D D U T C H E M P I R E S, J A P A N N E E D S R E S O U R C E S T O I N D U S T R I A L I Z E A N D A C C E S S T O F O R E I G N M A R K E T S, A N D B Y 2 0 TH C E N T U R Y H A S A L R E A D Y C O L O N I Z E D K O R E A A N D E X P A N D I N G I N T O C H I N A. B Y J A P A N H A S T A K E N O V E R M A N C H U R I A W E S T E R N P O W E R S A R E I N I T I A L L Y A C C E P T I N G O F J A P A N E S E A C Q U I S I T I O N S B U T G R A D U A L L Y F U R T H E R E N C R O A C H M E N T I N C H I N A B E G I N S T O B R I N G J A P A N I N T O C O N F L I C T W I T H T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S & E U R O P E A N E M P I R E S : J A P A N B E C O M E S I N V O L V E D I N F U L L - S C A L E W A R I N C H I N A

18 THE NATIONAL-SOCIALIST- SOVIET NON-AGGRESSION PACT OF 1939 I N A U G U S T N A T I O N A L - S O C I A L I S T G E R M A N Y & T H E U S S R S I G N A N O N - A G G R E S S I O N P A C T, S T U N N I N G T H E W O R L D I N R E A L I T Y, T H E U S S R I S N O W A M E R E F A Ç A D E F O R A S O C I A L I S T S T A T E, I. V. D J U G A S H V I L I, B E T T E R K N O W N A S S T A L I N H A S G R A D U A L L Y T U R N E D T H E S O V I E T U N I O N I N T O A B R U T A L D I C T A T O R S H I P, K I L L I N G C O U N T L E S S W O R K E R S, I N T E L L E C T U A L S A N D F O R M E R M A R X I S T A L L I E S. H I S P U R G E S T A R G E T A N Y O N E S Y M P A T H E T I C T O T H E I D E A L S O F T H E R U S S I A N R E V O L T I O N H E H A D T R I E D T O F O R M A N A L L I A N C E W I T H B R I T A I N A N D F R A N C E A G A I N S T T H E N A T I O N A L - S O C I A L I S T S B U T W A S R E J E C T E D

19 THE START OF WORLD WAR II S E C U R E D O N T H E E A S T E R N F L A N K, H I T L E R L A U N C H E S A N A T T A C K O N P O L A N D T O R E T A K E T H E D A N Z I G C O R R I D O R O N 1 S E P T E M B E R , T W O D A Y S L A T E R B R I T A I N A N D F R A N C E D E C L A R E W A R

20 THE US ROAD TO WAR : C O N G R E S S P A S S E S T H R E E N E U T R A L I T Y A C T S ( N O A R M S T O B E L L I G E R E N T S, N O U S S H I P S I N W A R Z O N E S A N D N O U S P A S S E N G E R S O N B E L L I G E R E N T S H I P S ) T O P R E V E N T A R E P E A T O F W O R L D W A R I. F D R H O W E V E R I S D E T E R M I N E D T O O V E R R I D E N E U T R A L I T Y H A S T H E C A S H & C A R R Y A C T P A S S E D : L E N D - L E A S E A C T

21 US-JAPANESE RELATIONS BECOME STRAINED OPEN DOOR POLICY IS UNDER THREAT BY JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA IN 1937 FDR DOES NOT WANT TO IMPOSE SANCTIONS AS HE FEARS JAPAN MIGHT TURN TO DUTCH EMPIRE IN THE EAST 1940: JAPAN SEIZES INDOCHINA FDR IMPOSES STEEL EMBARGO, AND LATER OIL AND AVIATION FUEL EMBARGO 1941: TENSE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN US AND JAPAN FINAL JAPANESE OFFER IS THAT IN RETURN FOR LEAVING CHINA TO JAPAN, JAPAN WILL NOT GO TO WAR AGAINST US IF GERMANY DECLARES WAR, FDR REFUSES

22 THE ROAD TO PEARL HARBOR J A P A N E S E M I L I T A R Y B I T T E R L Y D I V I D E D A M O N G S T I T S E L F W I T H T H E A R M Y A N D N A V Y H A V I N G D I V E R G E N T O B J E C T I V E S : A R M Y I S D E F E A T E D I N N O M O N H A N B Y U S S R A N D N A V Y G E T S U P P E R H A N D I N P O L I C Y - M A K I N G I N V I E W O F U S E M B A R G O T H E Y N O W P L A N A L L - O U T W A R A G A I N S T T H E U S A N D T H E T H R E E E U R O P E A N E M P I R E S I N A S I A.

23 ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR 7 D E C E M B E R : I M P E R I A L J A P A N E S E N A V Y L A U N C H E S A T T A C K W I T H N A V A L A I R C R A F T O V E R L I V E S A R E L O S T, I N C L U D I N G N U M E R O U S W A R S H I P S B U T C R I T I C A L O I L I N S T A L L A T I O N S A N D U S A I R C R A F T C A R R I E R S E S C A P E A T T A C K C O N T R O V E R S I A L P O I N T T O C O N S I D E R I S D I D T H E B R I T I S H K N O W A B O U T I M P E N D I N G A T T A C K A N D N O T W A R N U S?

24 THE ATLANTIC CHARTER 1 JANUARY 1942: ATLANTIC CHARTER SPELLS OUT WHAT THE WAR IS BEING FOUGHT FOR HOWEVER ATLANTIC CHARTER DOES NOT APPLY TO PEOPLE OF COLOR, AND NOT TO PEOPLES UNDER SUBJUGATION OF WESTERN EMPIRES IN AFRICA AND ASIA

25 THE US TRANSFORMED T H E P R E S I D E N C Y I S S T R E N G T H E N E D I M P E R I A L P R E S I D E N C Y S O L I D I F I E D G R E A T D E P R E S S I O N I S E N D E D W I T H I N D U S T R I A L O U T P U T A F R I C A N - A M E R I C A N A N D M E X I C A N - A M E R I C A N R I G H T S E X P A N D E D 1 6 M I L L I O N W I L L J O I N W O R K F O R C E W O M E N I N T H E W O R K P L A C E O V I T A C U L P H O B B Y : W O M E N S A R M Y C O R P S

26 RACE RIOTS TO THE INTERNMENT CAMPS FOR JAPANESE AMERICANS A. A. P H I L I P R A N D O L P H B. D O U B L E V C A M P A I G N C : D E T R O I T F E D E R A L H O U S I N G R I O T D : L O S A N G E L E S R A C E R I O T A G A I N S T M E X I C A N - A M E R I C A N S

27 JAPANESE-AMERICANS INTERNED IN CAMPS J A P A N E S E A R E A L R E A D Y B A N N E D F R O M I M M I G R A T I N G T O T H E U S B Y T H E I M M I G R A T I O N A C T B U T A R O U N D 2 5 0, H A D A R R I V E D B E F O R E T H E N 1 1 5, L I V E D O N T H E W E S T C O A S T T H E R E I S A L A R G E P O P U L A T I O N I N H A W A I I W H O A R E E S S E N T I A L T O T H E E C O N O M Y W H O A R E N O T T A R G E T E D T H E W E S T C O A S T J A P A N E S E A M E R I C A N S A R E T A R G E T E D L A R G E L Y F O R T H E I R P R O P E R T Y G I V E N L E S S T H A N 4 8 H O U R S T O S E L L T H E I R P R O P E R T Y A N D R E P O R T T O T H E I N T E R M E N T C A M P S H O R R I F I C C O N D I T I O N S I N T H E C A M P S F D R A N D U S S U P R E M E C O U R T U P H O L D T H E C A M P S U N T I L T H E E N D O F T H E W A R.

28 JAPANESE-AMERICANS INTERNED IN CAMPS 18,000 RECEIVE EARLY RELEASE TO FIGHT FOR US IN EUROPE PER MAN, THE JAPANESE-AMERICAN UNITS WIN MORE DECORATIONS FOR BRAVERY AND SUFFER MORE CASUALTIES THAN ANY OTHER US FORMATIONS IN WORLD WAR TWO

29 WORLD WAR TWO : H I G H W A T E R M A R K O F A X I S E F F O R T S : B A T T L E O F M I D W A Y : V E T E R A N J A P A N E S E C R E W S & S E R V I C E P E R S O N N E L L O S T : B A T T L E O F V O L G O G R A D ( S T A L I N G R A D ) 2 3 0, O F G E R M A N Y S B E S T A R M Y, T H E S I X T H, A R E K I L L E D I N T H E S I E G E : B A T T L E O F K U R S K S E E S G E R M A N Y S O F F E N S I V E C A P A B I L I T I E S S H A T T E R E D P E R M A N E N T L Y 8 0 % O F A L L G E R M A N C A S U A L T I E S S U F F E R E D I N W O R L D W A R T W O T A K E P L A C E O N T H E E A S T E R N F R O N T A G A I N S T U S S R 7 0 % O F A L L G E R M A N M I L I T A R Y R E S O U R C E S A R E F O C U S E D O N T H E E A S T E R N F R O N T

30 WORLD WAR TWO 1. WAR BETWEEN ALLIES & AXIS POWERS 2. ANTI- COMMUNIST CRUSADE IN EUROPE 3. THIRD- WORLD NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLES AGAINST EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM (INDIA, INDONESIA, BURMA) 4. RACE WAR AGAINST EUROPEAN EMPIRES 5. JAPAN AS ANTI- RACIST POWER 6. ASIA FOR ASIANS 7. REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE

31 DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN WORLD WAR TWO WORLDWIDE: OVER 60 MILLION PEOPLE PERISH AROUND THE GLOBE, WITH CIVILIANS DEATHS FAR HIGHER THAN MILITARY DEATHS SOVIET UNION: 27 MILLION PERISH AFTER GERMAN INVASION IN 1941

32 DEATH AND DESTRUCTION IN WORLD WAR TWO H O L O C A U S T / G E N O C I D E : M I L L I O N J E W I S H, R O M A, S I N T I, L G B T & D I S A B L E D P E O P L E A R E B R U T A L L Y M U R D E R E D B Y G E R M A N Y I N C O N C E N T R A T I O N C A M P S A N D I N O C C U P I E D A R E A S O F E U R O P E D E L I B E R A T E S C O R C H E D E A R T H P O L I C Y : 3 5 M I L L I O N S O U T H A S I A N S P E R I S H D U E T O B R I T I S H R U L E & P O L I C I E S I N I N D I A N S U B C O N T I N E N T

33 THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMBS ON JAPAN : IMPERIAL JAPANESE AIR FORCES & AIR DEFENSES ARE NON EXISTENT JAPANESE CITIES & POPULATION SUBJECT TO SYSTEMATIC CARPET BOMBING NAVAL BLOCKADE IN PLACE WHY ARE ATOMIC WEAPONS USED IN 1945?

34 ARGUMENTS FOR DROPPING THE BOMBS ALTERNATIVE WAS TO CONTINUE SATURATION BOMBING ACCEPT A CONDITIONAL SURRENDER USE THE ATOMIC BOMB AN INVASION MIGHT HAVE COST 500,000 CASUALTIES

35 ARGUMENTS AGAINST DROPPING THE BOMBS D I D N O T S A V E A M E R I C A N L I V E S ; J A P A N E S E A I R F O R C E & R A D A R W E R E N O N - E X I S T E N T B Y , T H E U S B O M B E R F L E E T S W E R E U N O P P O S E D N O T E V E N S E C O N D B O M B M O V E D J A P A N T O S U R R E N D E R, O N L Y A C C E P T A N C E O F E M P E R O R I N P O S T - W A R S C E N A R I O S A W J A P A N E S E S U R R E N D E R U S J C S O N L Y E S T I M A T E D 5 0, C A S U A L I T I E S, A N D A F U L L B L O C K A D E W O U L D H A V E S E E N S U R R E N D E R W I T H O U T A S H O T B E I N G F I R E D B O M B S C O U L D H A V E B E E N D R O P P E D I N A N O N - P O P U L A T E D A R E A T O D E M O N S T R A T E T H E I R F O R C E R E A L T A R G E T O F A T O M I C W E A P O N S W A S U S S R

36 THE NUREMBERG TRIALS REMAINING TOP & LOWER RANKING OFFICIALS OF NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMANY BROUGHT TO TRIAL AT NUREMBERG DOMESTIC IMPACT OF THE TRIALS AT HOME IN THE UNITED STATES IS THE CRITICISM DIRECTED BY THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY ABOUT THE HYPOCRISY OF VIOLATING AFRICAN AMERICAN RIGHTS AT HOME WHILE PROCLAIMING UNIVERSAL RIGHTS ABROAD

37 OPERATION PAPERCLIP DECISION TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT TO REHABILITATE AND BRING OVER FORMER NAZI SCIENTISTS AND OTHER KEY OFFICIALS TO THE UNITED STATES WERNER VON BRAUN/HUBERTUS STRUGHOLD INCLUDED SCIENTISTS WHO HAD USED SLAVE LABOR FROM CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND CARRIED OUT MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS ON PRISONERS MAJOR GENERAL REINHARD GEHLEN, CHIEF INTELLIGENCE OFFICER OF GERMAN ARMIES ON THE EASTERN FRONT RESCUED BY OSS/CIA

38 THE TOKYO TRIALS T W E N T Y E I G H T ( F I V E M O R E ) D E F E N D A N T S & E L E V E N ( S E V E N M O R E ) J U D G E S T H A N A T N U R E M B E R G T R I A L C O M P L I C A T E D B Y A C C U S A T I O N S O F R A C I S M J A P A N E S E D E F E N D A N T S A S S E R T W A R W A S F O U G H T P R I M A R I L Y A S O N E O F S E L F - D E F E N S E A G A I N S T W E S T E R N I M P E R I A L I S M & R A C I S M

39 THE TOKYO TRIALS & AFTER DR. RADHA BINOD PAL ONLY INTERNATIONAL LAW SPECIALIST ON TRIBUNAL SOLE DISSENTING JUDGE ON THE COURT 1,235 PAGE VERDICT IN WHICH TRIAL WAS DENOUNCED AS BEING VICTOR S JUSTICE INFAMOUS IMPERIAL JAPANESE UNIT 731 OFFICERS SAVED FROM WAR CRIMES TRIAL BY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO PROCURE INFORMATION ON BIOLOGICAL WARFARE