Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context Sixth Edition. Political Geographies. Chapter 9 Lecture

Transcription

1 Chapter 9 Lecture Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context Sixth Edition Political Geographies Wendy A. Mitteager State University of New York, Oneonta

2 Key Concepts Geopolitics Territories States and Nations Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Heartland Theory Terrorism Transnational Governance Regionalism Sectionalism Systems of Representation

3 Political Geography Geopolitics The study of the interplay between international political relations and the territorial/environmental context in which they occur. Figure 9.3 Boundary between urban and rural Figure 9.2 Disputed territories in Georgia

4 Political Geography Friedrich Ratzel German geographer considered the "father of modern human geography"... lived from Research dealt with idea that all aspects of culture are shaped/defined by physical geographical factors such as climate, physical features, resources, food/water supplies

5 Political Geography Friedrich Ratzel -Geopolitics: a state's power to control space/territory & shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations(originated from Ratzel) -Defined term Lebensraum, or "living space" (later used by Nazi Germany in their quest for expansion)

6 Political Geography State an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs Boundaries an indivisible line marking the extent of a state's territory Frontiers a zone where no state exercises complete political control

7 Political Geography Nation Legally, a term encompassing all the citizens of a state. Most definitions now tend to refer to a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states. Territories A territory is an area of land that is under the jurisdiction of any type of government

8 Political Geography, (cont'd) Figure 9.1 The changing map of Europe

9 Political Geography, (cont'd) Figure 9.4 Boundary between the U.S. and Mexico Apply your knowledge: Using Google Earth or aerial photographs, compare and contrast the international boundaries between the U.S. and Canada and between the U.S. and Mexico. How do they differ? How are they similar? Why do these differences and similarities exist?

10 Political Geography, (cont'd) Figure 9.5 The Berlin Wall Figure 9.6 Borders between Egypt and Libya and Sudan

11 Political Geography, (cont'd) Figure 9.7 Nested hierarchy of de jure territories: refers to the way we group things together which fit neatly and completely inside other taxonomic groups. For instance, City inside a canton, inside an arrondissement, inside a department, inside a nation

12 Geopolitics and the World Order Sovereignty independence from control of its internal affairs by other states Citizenship Figure 9.8 English Defense League, 2011

13 Geopolitics and the World Order Nationalism a sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interest of a particular country or nation; an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals Federal state a government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

14 Geopolitics and the World Order Unitary state An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials. Confederation a political system in which a weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power.

15 Geopolitics and the World Order Discourse Communication that provides insight into social values, attitudes, priorities, and ways of understanding the world.

16 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.9 Independent states of the former Soviet Union

17 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.10 Kosovo, 1999 Apply your knowledge: Based on what you have learned about Foucault's theory of discourse and Deleuze's conception of the state, write a paragraph describing the Arab Spring from each of these theorist's perspectives.

18 The Arab Spring Figure 9.Aa Figure 9.Ac Figure 9.Af Figure 9.Ag Uprisings across the Middle East

19 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Imperialism Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. Figure 9.12 European colonies in Africa,

20 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Colonialism Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Figure 9.12 European colonies in Africa,

21 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Orientalism discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East. Figure 9.12 European colonies in Africa,

22 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.13 Colonization in South America and the Caribbean,

23 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.14 Indians in the UK Figure 9.15 Refugees returning to Rwanda Apply your knowledge: Find recent news articles about political issues in the Middle East. Consider the articles from the perspective of Orientalism. How do the articles depict the West and the Middle East? Is the West depicted as being culturally superior to the Middle East?

24 Geopolitics, (cont'd) North/South divide The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Japan, and Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

25 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Decolonization the action of changing from colonial to independent status Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

26 Geopolitics, (cont'd) International organization An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or selfdetermination Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

27 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Heartland theory Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

28 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Domino Theory The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

29 East/West divide Geographic separation between the democratic, free-market countries of W. Europe and Americas from the communist, socialist countries of E. Europe & Asia Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

30 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.18 Independent South America

31 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.21 The heartland

32 Geopolitics, (cont'd) Figure 9.22 U.S. tourists in Cuba Figure 9.23 Agent orange in the Vietnam War

33 The New World Order and Terrorism Figure 9.24 The Oklahoma City bombing memorial Figure 9.25 Oslo, Norway terrorist bombing Examples of faith-based terrorism

34 The New World Order and Terrorism Figure 9.26 Casualties from the war in Iraq, 2011 Apply your knowledge: How has the Iraq War affected your city and state? How many soldiers from your area have been killed? In economic terms, how much has the war cost your city and state?

35 From the Cold War to the New World Order and the War on Terror Figure 9.D U.S. Drone strikes, Figure 9.B Afghanistan and Pakistan

36 New Regimes of Global Governance Transnational political integration the process of combining cultures together into one interlocking nature of all aspects of a culture Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

37 New Regimes of Global Governance Supranational organization three or more countries agree to give up a degree of autonomy in order to pursue common goals. (ex. European Union) Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

38 New Regimes of Global Governance Human rights Rights that are considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people, includes the rights to justice, freedom, and equality. Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

39 International regime Covers the involvement of the state in new global activities, the growth of supranational and regional organizations, the critical significance of transnational corporations to global capital and the proliferation of transnational social movements and professional organizations. New Regimes of Global Governance Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

40 New Regimes of Global Governance Children's rights the fundamental right of children to life, liberty, education, and health care Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

41 New Regimes of Global Governance Global civil society The broad range of institutions that operate between the private market and the state. Figure 9.28 Membership in the EU

42 The Israel-Palestine Conflict Figure 9.E Changing geography,

43 Politics of Geography Self-determination the right of people to choose their own form of government Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

44 Politics of Geography Regionalism a group (often ethnic) which identifies with a particular area of a state rather than with the state as a whole Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

45 Politics of Geography Sectionalism extreme devotion to local interests and customs Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

46 Politics of Geography Separatist movements refers to the social movements for a particular group of people to separate from the dominant political institution under which they suffer Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

47 Politics of Geography Rural vs. Urban Rural: Area of farmlands and small towns Urban: Area of cities and the suburban area surrounding the city Problems: who gets the funding? Area with most people or area that needs it the most? Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

48 Politics of Geography Suburbs vs. Cities City: conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest Suburb: a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls

49 Politics of Geography Suburbs vs. Cities Problem: Funding More power in suburbs today because people moved from main cities Today, people moving back to core city Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

50 NIMBY an acronym for "not in my backyard;" it describes opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development close to them. Examples may include, but are not limited to tall buildings, wind Politics of Geography Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest turbines, landfills, incinerators, power plants, prisons, mobile telephone network masts, and especially transportation improvements (e.g. new roads, passenger railways or highways.

51 Politics of Geography, (cont'd) Figure 9.32 Free Baja Arizona, 2011 Figure 9.33 The 1860 presidential election

52 Geographical Systems of Representation Democratic rule: government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state. Territorial organization: Political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land Figure 9.35 The vote for president, 2008

53 Geographical Systems of Representation Reapportionment: The process of reassigning representation based on population after every census Redistricting: The drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes Figure 9.35 The vote for president, 2008

54 Geographical Systems of Representation Gerrymandering to redraw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other nondemocratic objectives Figure 9.35 The vote for president, 2008

55 Geographical Systems of Representation, (cont'd) Figure 9.34 U.S. geographical basis of representation Apply your knowledge: Use the internet to forge a basic understanding of how U.S. electoral college works. Identify advantages and disadvantages of the system. Establish a position on whether the U.S. should retain the current system or change it and defend this position, making sure you address the geographical issues involved.

56 End of Chapter 9