Rock, Mineral and Aggregate
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1 Rock, Mineral and Aggregate S R I A T M A J A P. R O S Y I D I, P H. D. A S S O C I A T E P R O F E S S O R Major Tectonic Plates 1
2 How the continents are moving 4 2
3 Earthquake Hazards Map in Indonesia 5 6 3
4 Damages and Losses 7 A magnitude 6.3 Mw which lasted for 52 seconds struck Central Java and Yogyakarta, at 5.54 am (Local Time) on 27 May The location of the earthquake according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) is 20 km SSE of Yogyakarta City at o S o E. 8 4
5 Damages in Observed Area
6
7 "Dan kamu lihat gunung-gunung itu, kamu sangka dia tetap di tempatnya, padahal ia berjalan sebagai jalannya awan. (Begitulah) perbuatan Allah yang membuat dengan kokoh tiap-tiap sesuatu. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan." (QS. An-Naml, 27 : 88) Maka apakah mereka tidak memperhatikan Al Quran? Kalau kiranya Al Quran itu bukan dari sisi Allah, tentulah mereka mendapat pertentangan yang banyak di dalamnya (Surat an-nisa: 82) 7
8 Rock Cycle Types of Rocks Igneous rock is formed from molten rock that has cooled and hardened. Sedimentary rock is formed from material that has settled into layers and hardened. Metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed by heat and pressure. 8
9 The Rock Cycle Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Rock Cycle 9
10 Rock cycle Weathering breaks down rocks. igneous rocks basalt volcano Rocks rise to the surface by uplift and erosion. transportation and deposition sea Magma rises to the surface where it cools rapidly. igneous rocks granite slow solidification sedimentary rocks mudstone high pressure and temperature magma melt metamorphic rocks slate and marble Rock cycle animation 10
11 limestone Examples of sedimentary rocks chalk sandstone sandstone How can you describe sandstone? Sandstone is an orangey-coloured rock which looks like lots of sand grains stuck together. It is quite soft. 11
12 How can you describe limestone? Limestone is a grey/white rock which is mostly made from crushed sea shells. Limestone often contains fossils. Chalk is How can you describe chalk? a white or grey powdery rock with very fine grains. Chalk often contains fossils. 12
13 Properties of sedimentary rocks What are the properties of sedimentary rocks? Sedimentary rocks often have layers showing the deposition of sediment at different time periods. Sedimentary rocks consist of lots of small grains. These grains may be weakly held together so the rocks are often porous and may be soft and crumbly. Sedimentary rocks often have fossils trapped within them. Sedimentary rocks consist of layers of lots of small particles and are often porous. Comparing ages of sedimentary rocks Why are sedimentary rocks near the surface younger than sedimentary rocks deeper down? 13
14 Sedimentary rock animation Formation by cementation of sediment Some sedimentary rocks are formed by the cementation of sediment. fastflowing water slow water pressure sedimentation cementation Weathering creates small rock fragments which are transported to the sea where they are deposited (sink) and form a sediment. At this stage, dead creatures may become trapped within the sediment and give rise to fossils. Over millions of years, the pressure of layers above and the effects of salts cement the sediment together. This is how sedimentary rocks like sandstone, mudstone and limestone are formed. 14
15 Pancake Rocks in New Zealand These limestone rocks at Punakaiki in New Zealand are known as the Pancake Rocks. How were they formed? Formation by precipitation of minerals Sedimentary rocks can also be formed from minerals which are left behind when water evaporates. dissolved minerals precipitation evaporation Certain minerals are dissolved in seas and lakes. Over millions of years these seas or lakes dry up. As the water disappears, the dissolved minerals precipitate. Chalk and limestone, common in the UK, can be formed in this way. 15
16 Which type of sedimentary rock? marble Examples of metamorphic rock slate 16
17 Marble is What is marble?...a hard smooth rock made from sedimentary limestone or chalk in conditions of strong heat and low pressure. Slate is What is slate? a grey rock with fine grains made from sedimentary shale in conditions of low temperature and low pressure. Slate can be split into thin sheets. 17
18 Properties of metamorphic rocks How are the properties of metamorphic rocks different from sedimentary rocks? Metamorphic rocks often have layer structures of crystals caused by the effect of heat and pressure. Metamorphic rocks are usually denser and harder than sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks sometimes show distortions caused by the movements that led to their formation. This may give rise to wavy or zig-zag patterns within the rock. Metamorphic rocks contain regular layers of crystals that sometimes have a wavy or zig-zag arrangement. Formation of metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of extreme pressures and temperatures deep within the Earth. These conditions change the structure of existing rocks so that new rocks are formed. 18
19 Which type of metamorphic rock? granite Examples of igneous rocks pumice basalt 19
20 Granite is What is granite? a hard grey rock consisting of large crystals that are randomly arranged. Pumice is What is pumice? a pale grey rock made up of very small crystals and is porous and extremely light. 20
21 Basalt is What is basalt? a dark glassy rock which has very fine crystals and often forms as columns of rock. Properties of igneous rocks What are the properties of igneous rocks? Igneous rocks contain interlocking crystals which are held together very strongly and make the rock hard. The crystals in igneous rocks have a disorderly arrangement. The size of the crystals depends on how quickly the igneous rock solidifies. Igneous rocks never contain fossils. Igneous rocks consist of randomly arranged interlocking crystals. 21
22 Formation of igneous rocks How are igneous rocks formed? Deep in the ground is molten rock called magma. Sometimes, magma bursts through the surface causing extrusive volcanic igneous eruptions. rock Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies. intrusive igneous rock When magma cools above the surface, extrusive igneous rocks are formed. magma When magma cools below the surface, intrusive igneous rocks are formed. Size of crystals in igneous rocks How is the size of crystals in igneous rocks determined by the rate at which magma cools and solidifies? Magma above the Earth s surface cools quickly. Only small crystals are formed as the magma solidifies. This is how extrusive igneous rocks like pumice and basalt are formed. Magma below the Earth s surface cools slowly. There is time for large crystals to grow as the magma solidifies. This is how extrusive igneous rocks like granite are formed. 22
23 Which type of rock am I? What is the difference between rocks and minerals? A mineral is a nonliving solid found in nature. But, aren t rocks nonliving and found in nature too?? Then what is the difference between a rock and a mineral? 23
24 Rocks and Minerals Rocks are made up of one or more minerals!!! The reason why some rocks have more than one color, is because they contain more than one mineral. Also, some rocks are made of other things, such as sand and pebbles, in addition to minerals. How do we know the strength of rocks and minerals? The Mohs Hardness Scale was designed for us to use as a scale to determine the strength of rocks and minerals. 24
25 Mohs Hardness Scale 25
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Name Class Date. In your textbook, read about the nature of igneous rocks. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following statements.
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What is a Rock? Naturally-occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter.
What is a Rock? Naturally-occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter. What is a Rock? Rocks are divided into 3 groups based on how they were formed: IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC
Occurs in Nature SOLID Inorganic (not from a plant or animal) Crystalline (forms crystals) Atoms / Molecules bond in a regular pattern
#12: Mineral Occurs in Nature SOLID Inorganic (not from a plant or animal) Crystalline (forms crystals) Atoms / Molecules bond in a regular pattern Regular Composition EX- Halite (salt) is always NaCl
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