1. minerals - A naturally occurring substance that takes a solid Crystal form and is made of only a single (one) type of compound

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Letitia Terry
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1 Science Name: Mr. G/Mrs. Kelly KEY Date: Study Guide - Lessons 5 and 6 Test Define the following terms: 1. minerals - A naturally occurring substance that takes a solid Crystal form and is made of only a single (one) type of compound 2. rock cycle - A process during which one type or Rock changes into another type of rock through geologic processes 3. convection - the movement or heat transfer caused within a fluid (gas or liquid) as a result of temperature differences. (think about white fluid in bottle over candle) 4. convection cells - A circulating flow of air or water that happens from temperature differences. We saw these in the bottle with the white fluid and candle underneath. 5. igneous rock - Rock that formed when magma or lava cools and crystallized on or below the Earth's surface. Can be intrusive or extrusive. 6. sedimentary rock - Rock that forms over time as sediments become compacted and cemented together 7. metamorphic rock- Rock formed from other rock that has been exposed over a long time to heat and pressure and changes into different Rock. Foliation is evidence of this happening. It looks like bending or ribbons in the rock 8. sediments - Tiny pieces of broken rocks that have been weathered by rain, wind, ice, snow, plant roots, and acid in water. 9. weathering - The process of wind, rain, ice, and other factors breaking large rocks into smaller pieces called sediments.

2 10. erosion - The movement of soil, rock, or rock fragments, often created by weathering, from one place to another by water or wind. 11. earthquake swarm - When many earthquakes occur in a small area over a short period of time 12. volcano - A landform, usually cone-shaped, produced by a collection of eruptive material around vent, or opening on the surface of Earth and through which gas and eruptive material pass 13. volcano inflation - When the ground on top of the volcano swells. We showed this in lesson 6.3 using flour and a balloon 14. tiltmeter - Instruments that detect tiny changes in the angle on the ground 15. vent- The opening of a volcano. 16. hot spots - Volcanic area that forms under a plate or at a mid-ocean ridge and produces runny lava 17. shield volcanoes - A volcano with a broad or wide and gently sloping walls produced by eruptions of quiet, oozing lava 18. composite volcanoes - A tall, pointed volcano that forms from alternating eruptions of lava and ash 19. cinder cone volcanoes - A volcano that is smaller than composite and shield volcanoes. It usually is explosive and fractures rock into small pieces or flings lava into the air. The lava hardens and Falls as fragment, or cinders 20. viscosity - The tendency to resist flowing; a property of liquids. Low viscosity = flows easy (hot magma/lava) *you low- you flow* High viscosity = moves slow (cooler magma/lava) We saw this in 6.2 with the model magma and dirt cups

Answer the following questions and explain specific processes. You may have to use drawings: 21.Draw and label the rock cycle. *(See page 123, back of crossword worksheet in 5.1)* 22.

2) Weathering and erosion sediments deposition (sediments are deposited on the bottom of a lake, river, or ocean as pressure builds, compaction occurs and forces grains together as water evaporates,

3 Answer the following questions and explain specific processes. You may have to use drawings: 21.Draw and label the rock cycle. *(See page 123, back of crossword worksheet in 5.1)* 22.Explain the formation of sedimentary rock. *(See pages in 5.2) Weathering and erosion sediments deposition (sediments are deposited on the bottom of a lake, river, or ocean as pressure builds, compaction occurs and forces grains together as water evaporates, cementation occurs as water evaporates and minerals form and act like glue keeping sediments together. 23.Explain how intrusive igneous rock forms versus extrusive igneous rock. Explain how they are different. *(See pages in 5.2) Intrusive = cools within the earth, takes longer to cool deep down, so crystals have a long time to form and are larger.. You can see the size of the grain. Extrusive = Igneous rocks that cool from lava very quickly when exposed to the air or sea water. There is not a long time for crystals to form so they are usually very small or do not exist at all- like in obsidian as it is very glassy and smooth

4 24. Explain how metamorphic rock forms. *(See page in 5.2) What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock? Either a sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rock is exposed to extreme temperatures and severe pressure deep within the Earth. 24.Name two types of sedimentary rock. (page 128 in 5.2) Conglomerate, Limestone, Breccia, Chalk, Sandstone, Shale 25.Name two types of igneous rock. (page in 5.2) Granite, Obsidian, Basalt, Pumice, Gabbro 26.Name two types of metamorphic rock. (page in 5.2) Marble, Slate, Schist 27.What provides the energy to fuel the rock cycle. (page 123 in 5.1) Wind, water, and heat from the Sun and from within Earth itself all provide energy to fuel the changes. 28.Explain the differences between hot and cool magma. Hot magma has a lower viscosity - it flows faster, creates wider and flatter volcanoes. Cooler magma has a higher viscosity/moves more slowly, does not travel far, and creates more of a dome like/bulbous structure on the surface as it pushes up. 29.What do scientists use to detect volcano inflation? (See page bottom of **great pictures on page 160 that explain** in 6.3) To detect volcano inflation, scientists use a tiltmeter - they place it on the volcano. Tiltmeter sends data and information to the observatory by radio. As magma moves up into the volcano, the ground around the volcano tilts away from the top. The tiltmeters detect even tiny changes in the angle of the ground and send this data. Other instruments to monitor volcanic activity are: Monitoring gases- increase of sulfur dioxide GPS (Global Positioning Systems) Surveying Cameras Thermal Imaging/changes in ground temperatures Earthquake sensors, seismometers Satellites

30.Draw and label a cross section of a shield

5 30.Draw and label a cross section of a shield volcano. (See page 163 in 6.4) (runny lava forms wide, broad volcano) 31.Draw and label a cross section of a composite volcano. (See page 164 in 6.4) 32.Draw and label a cross section of a cinder cone volcano. (See page 165 in 6.4)

6 33.Name and provide a location for a real shield volcano. (see picture/caption page 163 and top of 164 in 6.4) Largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. Mount Erebus in Antarctica. The largest is Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii; all the volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands are shield volcanoes. 34.Name and provide a location for a real composite volcano. (See picture/caption page 163 in 6.4) Mount Rainier in Washington State 35.Name and provide a location for a real cinder cone volcano. (see picture/caption page 165 in 6.4) Wizard Island in Oregon, Sunset Crater in Arizona. 36.What is the relationship between plate tectonics and the rock cycle and volcanoes? Some plate boundaries are divergent (oozes magma) and creates new land. These can form ocean ridges. Some plate boundaries are convergent. These convergent boundaries have subduction zones where oceanic crust goes under (subducts) and then melts into magma. As the crust/rock melts into magma, it rises to the surface and forms volcanic arcs along coastlines (look at South America). Volcanoes erupt and explode with lava. Lava cools forming new land and rocks. These rocks may experience weathering and erosion creating sediments then proceed through the rock cycle as shown in diagram.

L wave Lahar Lava Magma

L wave Lahar Lava Magma Very large collapsed volcanic crater, often containing a lake eg. Lake Taupo The process which provides the force to move the tectonic plates Innermost part of the Earth, made of a liquid outer core and