Compositional (Chemical) Layers

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1 Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density High in and : Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in and Core: High in

2 Heat Flow in the Earth Heat sources: heat from the of the Earth in the core and mantle Temperature in the core: C Cooling processes: : in outer core and asthenosphere transport heat to the surface releases heat through the crust (volcanoes)

3 Convection cells in the mantle and core also return material back into the earth.

4 Mechanical (Physical) Layers of the Earth Lithosphere: Crust and upper, of the mantle; plates in plate tectonics Asthenosphere: part of mantle; location of convection current that drive plates Outer core: Inner core: Greatest temperatures, solid due to intense pressure

5 Comparing Compositional Layers to Mechanical Layers Moho

6 What is a Rock? A group of bound together Three major groups: 1) Igneous: Solidified Molten Magma 2) Sedimentary: formed by cementing of sediments. Sediments come from the erosion of other rocks. 3) Metamorphic: Heat and pressure change a rock into something new, without melting.

7 Rock Types Igneous: Solidified molten magma 2 types of Igneous: 1) Extrusive ( ) = erupted Cools more quickly, so only crystals form. 2) Intrusive ( ) = never erupted Cools more slowly within the earth, so crystals can form.

8 content (SiO 2 = quartz in pure form) determines many things about volcanoes 1) Silica is : a) High silica volcanoes are, due to build-up of pressure within volcano. Viscous lava won t flow far, so volcanoes are (stratovolcanoes). b) Low silica volcanoes are. Lava is runny, so volcanoes are (shield shape)

9 Silica content (SiO 2 = quartz in pure form) determines many things about igneous rocks 2) Silica is in color. a) High silica rocks are in color (pale grey to pink) b) Low silica rocks are (due to more dark minerals containing and ) Low Silica Medium Silica High Silica Extrusive Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Intrusive Gabbro Granite Dacite

10 Igneous Rock Summary Low in silica Rock color = Black Extrusive rock = basalt Intrusive rock = gabbro non-viscous (runny) lava Non-explosive eruptions Shield volcanoes (low, wide) High in Silica Rock color = pale grey, pink Extrusive rock = rhyolite Intrusive rock = granite Viscous lava Explosive eruptions Stratovolcanoes (tall, pointy)

11 How to identify an igneous rock Large crystals in a uniform matrix (porphyritic) or no visible crystals Obsidian Basalt Scoria Geode

12 Sedimentary Rock Sedimentum = in Latin, in reference to solid material settling out of a fluid. Two major types: 1) : formed by and of sediments. 2) : formed from of dissolved substances from fluids.

13 Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary rock: formed by and of sediments. Classified Shale by. Sandstone

14 Sedimentary Rock Almost all found in sedimentary rock Almost all (coal, oil, gas) found in sedimentary rock. Often, sedimentary rocks are because they form underwater

15 How to identify a sedimentary rock Layered Contains Fossils Made up of (not interlocking crystals) and/or crumbly

16 Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic rock is rock that has been changed by heat and/or pressure (without ). Two types: 1) Contact or Thermal: caused by proximity to areas. 2) Regional: caused by (often during mountain building), which results in high pressures and temperatures

17 How to identify a Metamorphic Rock Layers are wavy/streaky/folded Rock is Rock is pretty, colorful Rock looks messed up

18 Rock Cycle: any rock can become any other rock melting weathering melting

19 Rock Cycle in Action

20 Folded Sedimentary or Metasedimentary? Whether a rock is classified as a folded sedimentary rock or a meta-sedimentary rock depends on whether the minerals present have been to metamorphic minerals, and/or the degree of of the rock. But there is some degree of overlap. Probably just folded sedimentary Probably metasedimentary

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