Chapter 9 : Rocks and Minerals
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1 Table of Contents Chapter 9 : Rocks and Minerals Section 2: Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks Section 3: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
2 Section 2 and 3: Rocks and the Rock Cycle There are 3 different types of rocks: Sedimentary Igneous Metamorphic They are all made of minerals One rock can turn into a different type, during the rock cycle. All rocks are formed during different processes
3 Igneous: melted rock that cools Metamorphic: form when existing rocks are heated or put under pressure Sedimentary: Made of compacted sediments: pieces of rocks, minerals, shells
4 oasmxzg 3 Rocks Types Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic rocks for kids From Makemegenious
5 The Rock Cycle - see handout
6 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle Read The Rock Cycle page 275 rock cycle is a model to describe how different kinds of rock are related to one another and how rocks change from one type into another. It is a never ending process. The materials in the rocks are not destroyed, they are transformed into other materials and there are several processes involved in these transformations:
7 **The processes involved in the Rock Cycle: 1.Weathering rocks are broken down into sediments 2.Erosion - sediments are transported to other places by wind, water, ice, gravity 3.Melting liquefy
8 4.Heat and pressure 5.Cooling 6.Compaction sediments are pressed 7.Cementation minerals dissolve in the presence of water creating a cement that will glue the sediments together
9
10 Igneous Rocks Classification According to where they form: Intrusive or extrusive According to the composition: Granitic or basaltic
11 2 Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form when melted rock material ( magma) from inside Earth cools. 2 types: Extrusive Intrusive
12 Igneous Rocks Extrusive igneous rocks form when melted rock material cools on Earth s surface. When the melted rock reaches Earth s surface, it is called lava. Extrusive Rocks form from lava
13 Rocks from Lava Magma can reach the Earth s surface due to fissures or volcanic eruptions (openings) on the Earth s surface.
14 2 Rocks from Lava Lava cools quickly before large mineral crystals have time to form, so these rocks are composed of minerals with small crystals
15 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks 2 Intrusive igneous rocks are produced when magma cools below the surface of Earth. ( it is not lava)
16 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks 2 Rocks from Magma Intrusive igneous rocks generally have mineral with large crystals that are easy to see they have time to cool because they form inside the Earth.
17 Igneous rocks Chemical Composition and color The chemicals in the melted rock material determine the color of the rock. Granitic Igneous Rocks - High percentage of silica rocks are light in color usually intrusive coarse grained
18 Igneous Rocks Chemical Composition and color Basaltic Igneous Rocks high percentage of iron, magnesium or calcium darker usually extrusive Fine grained
19 ***Andesitic Igneous Rocks Andesitic igneous rocks have mineral compositions between those of basaltic and granitic rocks.
20 Sedimentary Rocks Made of compacted sediments. Sediments - Pieces of broken rock, shells, mineral grains, and other materials Sediments are compacted in layers forming Sedimentary Rocks
21 ***Sedimentary rocks form in 3 steps that happen after the sediments are dropped by wind, water, gravity. 1.Accumulation of sediments in layers 2.Compaction: As the sediment accumulates, the weight of the layers of sediment presses down and compacts the layers underneath. 3.Cementation: The sediments become cemented together, as layers, into a hard rock
22 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Most sedimentary rocks take thousands to millions of years to form. There are 3 types: Detrital Chemical Organic
23 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks 2 Detrital Rocks Detrital rocks are made of grains of minerals or pieces of rocks that have been compressed
24 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks 2 Chemical Rocks Chemical sedimentary rock forms when mineral-rich water from geysers, hot springs, sea or salty lakes evaporates. As the water evaporates, layers of the minerals are left behind, forming a rock Ex: limestone and rock salt
25 Limestone chemical sedimentary rock
26 Rock Salt chemical sedimentary rock
27 2 Organic Rocks Form by: Living matter that dies, piles up, and then is compressed into rock. EX: Chalk and coal
28 Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks 2 Organic Rocks Coal is produced from plants Chalk is formed from the skeleton of small marine animals that deposit on the bottom of the sea
29 **Fossils, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary rocks can contain fossils because unlike other rocks, they will form at temperatures and pressure that do not destroy the rests of the Organisms. Also, the sediments are deposited a little bit at the time, in layers, and protect the remains from water, wind, animals, etc. It is very difficult to find fossils in metamorphic rocks, because the heat and pressure necessary to form a metamorphic rock would destroy the remains.
30 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 3 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic means change of form Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are heated or put under pressure. It is a process that takes millions of years to be completed.
31 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 3 Limestone (sedimentary) can change into marble.
32 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks They are classified according to their TEXTURE. There are 2 types: Foliated Non foliated
33 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 3 Foliated rocks have visible layers Gneiss pg 273
34
35
36 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 3 Nonfoliated rocks do not have distinct layers or bands. Ex: marble Page 273 fig 21 B
37
38 Solids: can be crystalline solids or amorphous solids The picture below compares an amorphous(a) and a crystalline (b) structure Atoms are in a random arrangement Atoms are organized in a repeating pattern
39 Glass is made by melting together sand and several minerals at very high temperatures. Glass is an amorphous solid (cools very fast and there is no time to make crystals) EX of a glass found in nature: obsidian or volcanic glass
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