Geology. Core Ideas/Crosscutting Concepts: The Beginning Earths place in the universe. History Ptolemy Copernicus Brahe Keplers Laws
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1 Geology The Beginning Earths place in the universe History Ptolemy Copernicus Brahe Keplers Laws Origin of the Solar System Protosun Protoplanets Main Sequence Sun Earth and Moon Planetary differentiation Convection currents Formation of the Moon Moons orbit Phases of the Moon Moon, Sun and tides Stars and the elements Star life cycle Formation of elements Meteorites Origin of the universe Static universe Expanding universe Doppler Effect Age of the universe The Big Bang Earth s History Principles to determine relative age Page 1 of 17
2 Earth s Resources Energy resources Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and efficiency The geologic rock record Relative and absolute age Principles to determine relative age Absolute age Combining relative and absolute age data The geologic time scale The Geological Time Scale James Hutton Radiometric dating Half lives Decay curves Relative dating Superposition Cross cutting Inclusions Faunal succession Landscape development Block diagrams Geological Time Scale Pre Cambrian Paleozoic Mesozoic Page 2 of 17
3 Cenozoic Mapping & Remote Sensing Topographic maps Geological maps Cross sections Aerial photos Remote sensing LandSat The geologic rock record Relative and absolute age Principles to determine relative age Absolute age Combining relative and absolute age data The geologic time scale Earths Structure Seismic waves p waves s waves Surface waves Refraction Earths Internal Structure Outer core Inner core Mantle Page 3 of 17
4 Moho Lithosphere Gravity & Gravity Anomalies Isostacy Earths internal heat Earth s magnetic field Van Allen Belts Aurora Borealis Magnetic reversals Plate Tectonics History of Continental Drift Paleomagnetism Fossil Assemblages Minerals Tectonic Cycle Tectonic plates Plates through time Plate boundaries Plate margins Hot spots Earthquakes Seismogram Seismograph Travel time Richter Scale Mercalli Scale Environmental impacts Structural deformation Tensional Compressional Lateral slip Joints Faults Folds Domes & basins Page 4 of 17
5 Orogeny Sea level changes Transgressions & regressions Unconformities Geological cross sections Plate Tectonics Internal Earth Seismic waves S and P waves Velocities, reflection, refraction of waves Structure of Earth Asthenosphere Lithosphere Mohorovicic boundary (Moho) Composition of each of the layers of Earth Gravity, magnetism and isostasy Thermal energy (geothermal gradient and heat flow) Historical review Paleomagnetism and magnetic anomalies Paleoclimatology Plate motion Page 5 of 17
6 Causes and evidence of plate motion Measuring plate motion Characteristics of oceanic and continental plates Relationship of plate movement and geologic events and features Mantle plumes Mineralogy Atomic structure Periodic table Bonding Ionic Covalent Metallic States of matter Nature of minerals Structure of minerals Composition of minerals Physical properties Identification of minerals Classification of minerals Igneous Processes Rock Cycle Igneous processes Magma chemistry Bowens Reaction Series Magma composition Gases Page 6 of 17
7 Distribution of igneous rocks Texture Types of igneous rocks Extrusive/Intrusive How magmas are different Magma and plate tectonics Volcanic eruptions Gemstones: Diamonds Building materials 1 Minerals Atoms and elements Chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, metallic) Crystallinity (crystal structure) Criteria of a mineral (crystalline solid, occurs in nature, inorganic, defined chemical composition) Properties of minerals (hardness, luster, cleavage, streak, crystal shape. fluorescence, flammability, density/specific gravity, malleability) Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rocks Igneous Mafic and felsic rocks and minerals Intrusive (igneous structures: dikes, sills, batholiths, pegmatites) Earth s interior (inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, Mohorovicic discontinuity, crust) Page 7 of 17
8 Extrusive (volcanic activity, volcanoes: cinder cones, composite, shield) Bowen s Reaction Series (continuous and discontinuous branches) Sedimentary Processes Origin of sedimentary rocks Types of sedimentary rocks Clastics Evaporites Biological Stratification Cross bedding Graded bedding Surface features Processes Weathering Transport Deposition Compaction Sedimentary The ocean Division of sedimentary rocks and minerals (chemical, clastic/physical, organic) Depositional environments Streams (channels, streambeds, floodplains, cross bedding, alluvial fans, deltas) Transgressing and regressing sea levels Page 8 of 17
9 Metamorphic Processes Processes Temperature Pressure Chemistry Distribution Sources of heat Regional Contact Chemically active fluids Conditions Low grade High grade Hydrothermal alterations Texture Foliated Non foliated Regional metamorphism Contact metamorphism Atmosphere & Climate Layers of atmosphere Atmosphere Barometric pressure Water vapor Energy and motion Air pollution Water Movement of water Water supply Oceans Patterns of movement Page 9 of 17
10 Composition Thermal structure Density Bottom profile Currents Currents over time Upwelling Waves Climate Climate zones Climate change Metamorphic Pressure, stress, temperature and compressional forces Foliated (regional), non foliated (contact) Parent rock and degrees of metamorphism Metamorphic zones (where metamorphic rocks are found) Glacial Geology Glaciers and glaciation Evidence of past glaciers (including features formed through erosion or deposition) Glacial deposition and erosion (including features formed through erosion or deposition) Data from ice cores Historical changes (glacial ages, amounts, locations, particulate matter, correlation to fossil evidence) Evidence of climate changes throughout Earth s history Page 10 of 17
11 Glacial distribution and causes of glaciation Types of glaciers continental (ice sheets, ice caps), alpine/valley (piedmont, valley, cirque, ice caps) Glacial structure, formation and movement Depositional Environments I Clastics vs. carbonates Aeolian Migration & transport Types Alluvial fans Lacustrine Evaporates Marine Non marine Salt domes Playa Sabkhas Fluvial Braided & meandering Levees & floodplains Cutbanks & point bars Groundwater Unconfined Confined Karst Geysers & hot springs Glacial Valley Piedmont Continental Flow Deposits Pleistocene glaciers Isostatic rebound Sea level change Page 11 of 17
12 Depositional Environments II Deltas Distributary Crevasse splays Wave, fluvial, tidal impacts Bedforms Shoreline Longshore currents Beaches & barrier islands Shallow marine Carbonate platforms Bahamas Sabhkas Reefs Coral reefs Geometry Types Changes through time Deep marine Planktonic oozes Turbidites Bouma cycle Deep sea fans Pressure, stress, temperature and compressional forces Foliated (regional), non foliated (contact) Parent rock and degrees of metamorphism Metamorphic zones (where metamorphic rocks are found) Division of sedimentary rocks and minerals (chemical, clastic/physical, organic) Depositional environments Transgressing and regressing sea levels Page 12 of 17
13 Geomorphology Weathering Weathering Physical Chemical Biological Weathering & climate Soils Factors of formation Profiles Texture & structure Classification Mass movement Soil creep Landslides Flows Slumps Falls Causes Cincinnati issues Landforms Historical Geology: Pre Cambrian and Paleozoic Pre Cambrian divisions Pre Cambrian climate Snowball Earth Fossil preservation Pre Cambrian fossil record Cambrian radiation Ordovician Period Mass extinction Page 13 of 17
14 Silurian Period Devonian Period Mass extinction Mississippian Period Pennsylvanian Period Permian Period Mass extinction Soil and sediment Desertification Mass wasting and erosion Sediment contamination Historical Geology: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Mesozoic Triassic Mass extinction Jurassic Cretaceous Cenozoic Tertiary Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Quaternary Pleistocene Holocene Page 14 of 17
15 The geologic time scale Comprehending geologic time Climate changes evident through the rock record Fossil record Soil and sediment Desertification Mass wasting and erosion Sediment contamination Resources: Renewable and Non Renewable Non renewable Resource depletion curve Reserves vs. resources Oil & Natural Gas Initial discovery Origin Source rock Reservoir rock Trap Structural traps Stratigraphic traps Fracking Resources Distribution Mapping, seismic Wireline surveys Coal Origin Sequence Distribution Mining methods Pollution Page 15 of 17
16 Uranium Roll fronts Recovery Reserves Minerals Examples Renewable Biomass Sources Potential Solar Passive Active Low temperature High temperature Photovoltaic Geothermal Low temperature High temperature Hydropower Dams Tidal Wave action Wind Resources Hydrogen Fuel cell Sources Earth s Resources Energy resources Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and efficiency Earth s Resources Energy resources Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and efficiency Page 16 of 17
17 Earth s Resources Energy resources Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and efficiency Renewable and Non Renewable Resources (continued) Main Concepts 1. Future Energy Supply Earth s Resources Energy resources Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources and efficiency Page 17 of 17
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