The Continental Shelf Project: An overview of research activities in the Arctic Ocean on behalf of the Kingdom of Denmark
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1 The Continental Shelf Project: An overview of research activities in the Arctic Ocean on behalf of the Kingdom of Denmark Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Ministry of Climate and Energy John R. Hopper Christian Marcussen & many A76 Researchers 1
2 Photo: Bjørn Eriksson Russisk flag under Nordpolen
3 Hydrocarbon Resources Barents Sea Greenland Probability for one field with more than 50 MMBOE Russian FederaMon Canada USA Source: US Geological Survey
4 Most resources are within 200 M 4
5 What is UNCLOS? UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea main part negotiated from , came into force in 1994 defines rights and responsibilities for how nations may use the world s oceans Replaces 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of Sea Ratified by 161 states, inc. all Arctic nations except for the US Ratified by the Kingdom of Denmark on November 16,2004 5
6 What is Article 76 of UNCLOS? Defines the Continental Shelf of a coastal state Article 76 provides the mechanisms by which a coastal state may claim rights to the seabed and subsoil of submarine areas. Includes natural resources of the seabed and subsoil defined as mineral and non-living resources living organisms belonging to sedentary species 6
7 Article 76 of UNCLOS A key aspect is that it defines how a coastal state may claim rights beyond the 200 nautical mile (M) EEZ. Claims must be submitted, with documentation, within 10 years after a state ratifies the convention Kingdom of Denmark deadline: November 16,
8 8
9 Foot of Slope (FOS): maximum change of gradient at the base of the continental slope 1 nautical mile = mile = 1852 meters Formula lines Either FOS + 60 nautical miles or 1% sediment formula Constraint lines Either 350 nautical miles or 2500 meter isobath nautical miles 9
10 Note that the key to an extended shelf claim is first and foremost Morphological Geology can be used to support a claim, but is not part of the legal definition. 10
11 Key Documentation Required The 2500 meter isobath - must be mapped convincingly The Foot of Slope both require multibeam and single beam mapping Sediment thickness and continuity seismic reflection and refraction data 11
12 Bathymetric Data 12 Background: IBCAO, M. Jacobsson, Stockholm University
13 Kingdom of Denmark - Areas of interest 2 areas: the Faroe Islands 3 areas: Greenland Submission for the area N of the Faroe Islands: April 2009 Submission for the area S of the Faroe Islands: late 2010 Ongoing work in the areas around Greenland with a deadline in
14 Greenland Extended Shelf: Southwest coastal area: Data collecmon to document a claim completed, analyses in progress NE Greenland: Some data collecmon completed - final data required planned in 2011 North of Greenland: Significant progress, but much more required. Planned in 2011, 2012?? 14
15 Focus on the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland 15
16 North of Greenland UNCLOS Documentation Field work from 2006 to 2009 Focus on the acquisition of bathymetric and seismic data. The white ellipses show the LOMROG III work areas planned for 2012 or White stippled lines unofficial median lines. 16
17 Acquisition of multi-beam bathymetric data in polar sea-ice Pirouette multi-beam 3D - Morris Jesup Rise Photo and 3D map: Martin Jakobsson, Stockholm University 17
18 Photo: MarMn Jakobsson Photo: MarMn Jakobsson Photo: Thomas Funck Photo: Thomas Funck Acquisition of bathymetric and seismic data 2007 and 2009 Russian nuclear icebreaker required in areas with extreme ice conditions.
19 Seismic Reflection Data Seabed Sediments Example of processed seismic reflection data from LOMROG II: Provides a measure of sediment thickness - but this is in traveltime (seconds), not in meters Basement 19
20 Seismic Reflection Data 20
21 Seismic Refraction Data Used to determine velocity: convert time to depth from T. Funck 21
22 International cooperation Canadian and Danish geophysicists Photo: Martin Jakobsson Russian and Swedish icebreakers working for the Danish project Photo: Jon Biggar Canadian and US icebreakers Photo: Janice Lang, NRCan/DRDC Canadian and Danish hydrographers
23 Cooperation with other countries All activities of the Continental Shelf Project in the Arctic Ocean on behalf of the Kingdom of Denmark have been in cooperation with other countries: LORITA (2006), LOMBAG and LOMGRAV (2009) expeditions based on Canadian logistics LOMROG I (2007) cruise with Oden: 50/50 cooperation with the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Stockholm University and Canada LOMROG II (2009) cruise with Oden: cooperation with the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat and Canada with Russian participation Initiative to continue and strengthen Nordic Cooperation in Polar Science 23
24 International cooperation Logistical cooperation during data acquisition between all Arctic coastal states with the following benefits: Sharing of logistical resources Considerable cost savings Scientific cooperation: Better understanding of the geology of the Arctic Ocean => better supported submissions Consultations and discussions regarding scientific issues of specific features, i.e., the Lomonosov Ridge between Canada, Denmark and the Russian Federation with USA as an observer have taken place since
25 Continental Shelf Project Scientific Outcome Data policy: results published in international scientific journals data will be released (bathymetric data already released for regional compilations (IBCAO) Increased knowledge of an area with sparse data tectonic evolution, disputed plate boundaries paleoclimate history, Arctic is very sensitive to global climate change physical oceanography, water mass exchange between the Arctic and other oceans sensitive ecological systems 25
26 Continental Shelf Project Associated Research LORITA (2006): Søren Rysgaard (sampling of ice cores) LOMROG I (2007) cruise with Oden: Søren Rysgaard in cooperation with Roskilde Univeristy (sampling of ice cores), DTU-Space (ice thickness); Swedish projects (geology, oceanography, accumulation of mercury) LOMROG II (2009) cruise with Oden: Oceanography (DMI and Göteborg University), Søren Rysgaard in cooperation with University of Washington (sampling of ice cores), DTU-Space (ice thickness), DTU-CBS (Nicolai Blom DNA of the Polar Seas), DTU-Aqua (Lone Gram - bacteria); Swedish projects: geology, plankton ecology (Danish participant) 26
27 Ice Core Sampling LORITA (2006) Project organized by Søren Rysgaard 27
28 Ice Core Sampling - LOMROG I (2007) Søren Rysgaard in cooperation with Roskilde University 28
29 Piston Coring LOMROG I (2007) Swedish research projects 29
30 Water column sampling LOMROG I (2007) Swedish research projects 30
31 Oceanography LOMROG II (2009) DMI and Göteborg University 31
32 Ice Core Sampling LOMROG II (2009) Søren Rysgaard in cooperation with Univ. of Washington 32
33 Plankton tows LOMROG II (2009) Swedish Research Projects with Danish participants 33
34 Plankton ecology LOMROG II (2009) Swedish Research Projects with Danish participants 34
35 More flags at the North Pole Photo: Adam Jeppesen 35
36 Future activities In 2011 a 24 day cruise with Oden is planned in the area off NE Greenland acquisition of bathymetric, refraction, and reflection seismic data, geological sampling. Decision pending availability of Oden. Possibilities for Danish science projects will be announced through the Danish Centre for Marine Research. In 2012 a third LOMROG cruise is planned in the area north of Greenland. 36
37 Thank you for your attention! Foto: Ludvig Löwemark More information
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