SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR RURAL, RECREATIONAL AND PARK LANDSCAPES: CALIBRATING LEVELS OF SERVICE FOR MULTIPLE MODES

Transcription

1 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR RURAL, RECREATIONAL AND PARK LANDSCAPES: CALIBRATING LEVELS OF SERVICE FOR MULTIPLE MODES Xiao Xiao, Nathan Reigner, Jeremy Wimpey, Robert Manning

2 Presentation Outline Introduction Transportation & Recreation Spatial Methods Data Collection & Analysis Results & Discussion Standardized Standards Management Implications Hypotheses Future Applications

3 Transportation & Recreation Transportation = Recreation Activity participation Transpo-creation scale Transportation Recreation Transportation facilitates recreation Transport management = recreation management

4 Transportation & Recreation Recreation Individual experience Experiential quality Freedom Transportation System function Efficiency Economy Safety

5 Recreation Management Objective Indicators Monitoring Standards

6 Transportation Management Levels of Service Density Flow rate Travel speed

7 Normative Approach Provide managers guidance on desired/acceptable conditions. Key element of public resource management Aggregate individual assessments to represent a group.

8 Indicators & Standards of Crowding Measurable, Manageable & Specific PAOT people at one time PPV people per view

9 Indicators & Standards of Crowding PAOT = individuals site 36 people Yosemite Falls

10 Indicators & Standards of Crowding PPV = individuals view 24 people Trail View

11 Indicators & Standards of Crowding How acceptable is each? Which do you prefer? Would you no longer visit? Level NPS should allow? What did you typically see today?

12 Indicators & Standards of Crowding How do we compare or integrate these?

13 Indicators & Standards of Crowding How do we integrate indicators or compare potential standards?? = 42 People 1 Glacier Point = 30 People 1 Hetch Hetchy

14 Indicators & Standards of Crowding How do we integrate indicators or compare potential standards?? = 42 People Area (m 2 )? 30 People Area (m 2 )

15 Spatial Methods Develop spatial models for each site High accuracy GPS and laser range finder Recreation site Visual simulation footprint

16 Sites Hetch Hetchy PAOT Mariposa Grove PAOT Yosemite Falls PAOT PPV Glacier Point PAOT Swinging Bridge PAOT Cathedral Beach PAOT

17 X2 2,148 m 2 Hetch Hetchy PAOT? Legend Site Outline X1 Site Threshold Photo Area & Camera Survey Location 30 PAOT 605 m 2? X1

18 Mariposa Grove PAOT X2 1,063 m 2? X3 18 PAOT 128 m 2 X1

19 Yosemite Falls PPV & PAOT 439 m 2 24 PPV 89 m 2 74 m m 2 36 PAOT

20 Swinging Bridge Wawona PAOT 631 m 2 60 PAOT 6,649 m 2 Legend In Model Trail External Trail Photo Area & Camera River Recreation Area

21 1,133 m 2 Cathedral Beach PAOT 9,893 m 2 51 PAOT

22 Site Sizes & Proportion Depicted 10,000 11% 8,000 9% Area m 2 6,000 4,000 2, % Hetch Hethcy 12% Mariposa Grove 42% 83% 19% Yosemite FallsYosemite Falls PAOT PPV Swinging Bridge Cathedral Beach Site Photo Footprint

23 PAOT & PPV Depicted People Hetch Hetchy Mariposa Grove Yosemite Falls PAOT Yosemite Falls PPV Swinging Bridge Cathedral Beach Interval

24 Space area / person PAOT 42 people 1 Glacier Point 42 PAOT Density 42 people 81 m 2 Space 81 m 2 42 people 1.93 m 2 person 81 m 2

25 Space area / person m 2 / person Hetch Hetchy Mariposa Grove Yosemite FallsYosemite Falls PAOT PPV Swinging Bridge Cathedral Beach

26 Normative Evaluations

27 LOS Level of Service (LOS)-A conceptual framework that guides transportation planning. Flow Rate Travel Speed Space

28 LOS and I&S 4 LOS and Indicators and Standards 3 2 Acceptability LOSA LOSB LOS C LOS D LOS E Density of Use Number of people/ 100 m 2 Cathedral Beach Hetch Hetchy Mariposa Grove Swinging Bridge LOS A LOS B LOS C LOS D Yose Falls PAOT

29 Shape Metrics Perimeter-Area Ratio PARA = p a P ij is the perimeter of patch ij. A ij is the area of patch ij ij ij Perimeter-area ratio is a simple measure of shape complexity. Perimeter-area ratio varies with the size of patch.

30 Shape Metrics Shape Index SHAPE = 0.25P a ij ij 1 P ij is the perimeter of patch ij. A ij is the area of patch ij >1 Shape index is measure of shape complexity. Shape index increases as patch shape becomes more irregular

31 Shape Metrics Related Circumscribing Circle a SQUARE 1 a ij = s ij A ij is the area of patch ij. A ij S is the smallest circumscribing circle around patch ij. Related Circumscribing Circle is measure of shape complexity. Related Circumscribing Circle is not influenced by patch size.

32 Shape Metrics Hetch Hetchy Perimeter/Area Ratio: 0.33 Shape Index: 2.05 Related Circumscribing Circle: 0.89

33 Shape Metrics Mariposa Grove Perimeter/Area Ratio: 0.56 Shape Index: 1.58 Related Circumscribing Circle: 0.70

34 Shape Metrics Cathedral Beach Perimeter/Area Ratio: 0.28 Shape Index: 2.34 Related Circumscribing Circle: 0.78

35 Shape Metrics Swinging Bridge Perimeter/Area Ratio: 0.24 Shape Index: 1.49 Related Circumscribing Circle: 0.69

36 Shape Metrics Yose Fall Overlook Perimeter/Area Ratio: 0.40 Shape Index: 1.35 Related Circumscribing Circle: 0.56

37 Shape metrics Shape metrics and Standards Cathedral Beach Hetch Hetchy Dam Swinging Bridge Yose Falls Overlook Mariposa Grove Perimeter/Area Shape Index Related Circumscribing Circle Standard of space 0

38 Management Implication 1. Quantitative relationship between LOS and I&S will help extend LOS to outdoor recreation. It also help transportation planner to understand the I&S of visitors experience. 2. Shape metrics have a certain impact on I&S, which will help park manager and researchers to better design the recreation facilities to improve quality of visitors experience.

39 Future Application Quantitative measure of LOS Extended research of LOS: bike, vehicle use.

40 Thanks & Questions University of Vermont Park Studies Lab Transportation Research Center Yosemite National Park