Accessibility, rurality, remoteness an investigation on the Island of Sardinia, Italy

Transcription

1 UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA DEL TERRITORIO UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA AND DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA DEL TERRITORIO Accessibility, rurality, remoteness an investigation on the Island of Sardinia, Italy

2 Authors Andrea De Montis, Simone Caschili, Daniele Trogu Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio Università di Sassari QASER Lab & Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis University College London Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio Università di Cagliari

3 Motivations Many definitions of rurality Connection between accessibility and rurality Rurality is associated with remoteness Measures of rurality are powerful tools for policy-making 50th ERSA Congress Jonkoping, Aug

4 aims studying commuter accessibility, remoteness and rurality adapting different measures of rurality to the municipalities of the island of Sardinia, Italy

5 Contents State of the art: indicators of rurality Case study: Sardinia, Italy Comments on the results Final address/outlook

6 State of the art Rurality is approached in many studies. It is defined in a variety of ways. Rurality is explained by many factors: population, population density, built up area extension, jobs, remoteness, Many measures of rurality in the literature In this paper: Rural Local Unit integrated with Remoteness Index (RLURI) (Dijkstra and Poelman, 2008) Rural-Urban Index (RUI) (Smith and Parvin, 1971) Index of Relative Rurality (IRR) (Waldorf, 2006) Rural-Metropolitan Interface Level (RMIL) (Waldorf, 2006) Index of Deprivation (IMD) (Higgs and White, 2000).

7 State of the art/2 Rural Local Unit integrated with Remoteness Index (RLURI) integrates: 1. the classification of Eu NUTS3 regions in Rural Local Units (RLUs) proposed by the OECD 2. with the accessibility based concept of remoteness. NUTS3 regions (provinces) are classified in ❿Urban regions; ❿Intermediate regions close to a city; ❿Intermediate, remote regions; ❿Rural region close to a city; ❿ Rural remote regions.

8 State of the art/3 Rural-Urban Index (RUI) describes quantitatively and continuously the level of rurality of US counties. It depends on nine sub indicators Population density in inhabitants per square miles; Percent of people living in rural areas; Total population in thousands; Percent employment in agriculture, forestry, fisheries and mining; Percent of person living on farm; Average annual percent change in population; Percent employment in medical and dental professions; Percent employment in entertainment and recreation services Percent employment in service work (except private households).

9 State of the art/4 Index of Relative Rurality (IRR) is conceived as a continuous quantitative measure and depends on four sub indicators: ❿population size; ❿population density; ❿extension of built area; ❿remoteness. Rural-Metropolitan Interface Level (RMIL) is discrete eight level indicator and integrates the IRR with the proximity of municipalities to a metropolitan area.

10 State of the art/5 The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is a measure of the multifaceted deprivation affecting Welsh counties and depends on six components ❿Personal disposable income; ❿Employment; ❿Education; ❿Health; ❿Environmental quality; ❿Service accessibility. IMD has been adapted to Sardinia by Department of Social Research DRES University of Cagliari (2009).

11 Case study Application of the measures to the case of municipalities of Sardinia Sardinia is scarcely populated (78,85 inhabitants per squared kilometers) and undeveloped (yearly average pro capita income equal to 9,441 Euro). Overall, Sardinia is a rural region. But how rural is Sardinia? And how is rurality distributed in space?

12 Case study/2 Application of the Rural Local Unit integrated with Remoteness Index (RLURI) to the case of municipalities of Sardinia. Adapting the index to municipalities (and not provinces). Integrating the analysis of rural municipalities with the study of remoteness.

13 Case study/3 RLURI: Spatial and frequency analysis.

14 Case study/4 Application of the Rural-Urban Index (RUI) to the case of municipalities of Sardinia. WE used 8 out of 9 sub indicators (population living on farm is not reported anymore by the National Census). Analysis of the weights by factor analysis.

15 Case study/5 RUI: spatial and frequency analysis

16 Case study/6 Application of the Index of Relative Rurality (IRR) to the case of municipalities of Sardinia. Sub indicators computed from: National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) Regional Geographic Information System remoteness indicator

17 Case study/7 IRR - Spatial and frequency analysis

18 Case study/8 Application of the Rural-Metropolitan Interface Level (RMIL) to the case of municipalities of Sardinia. The only metropolitan area in Sardinia is Cagliari the capital town, even though it does not reach the threshold required (1 million population). Levels (level H introduced) have been modified to describe Sardinian municipalities.

19 Case study/9 RMIL spatial analysis.

20 Case study/10 Application of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) to the case of municipalities of Sardinia. IRR - Spatial and frequency analysis

21 Comments Five different measures of rurality. General properties.

22 Comments/2 Comparing the indices: ranking according to the quantitative indicators. Cagliari, Sassari, and Quartu Sant Elena, the most populated and richest towns in Sardinia, are included in the top ten places.

23 Comments/3 Accessibility and Income VS Rurality RUI shows a positive weak correlation with respect to AHI and a positive strong correlation with respect to A exp.

24 Comments/4 Multi-regression analysis. Accessibility explained by rurality quantitative indicators.

25 Comments/5 Multi-regression analysis. Average Household Income explained by rurality quantitative indicators.

26 Conclusion Sardinia would have been defined a rural region, had the five indicators taken as reference measures for policy making and planning. Many municipalities located mostly in central Sardinia are defined as rural. These centers are scarcely populated, broadly based on the primary sector, and remote, as they are located quite far, with respect to urban or metropolitan areas.

27 Conclusion/2 In general, the higher the rurality, the lower the income and the lower the accessibility.

28 End/Discussion Thanks for your attention any questions? NET2007 NETWORKS: TOPOLOGY AND DYNAMICS URBINO Antwerp, MAY, May, th