GIS: Definition, Software. IAI Summer Institute 19 July 2000

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1 GIS: Definition, Software IAI Summer Institute 19 July 2000

2 What is a GIS? Geographic Information System Definitions DeMers (1997): Tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into information, generally information tied explicitly to, and used to make decisions about, some portion of the Earth.

3 GIS - Geographic Information Systems

4 Some GIS Examples

5 Some GIS Examples

6 Some GIS Examples

7 Definitions Continued Star and Estes 1990: An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates; both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working with the data. A higher-order map.

8 Definitions Continued Clarke (1997), referring to Burrough (1986): A powerful set of tools for storing and retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes. Clarke (1997) again: Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data.

9 Definitions Continued Ron Abler (1988): GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the Xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data.

10 GIS According to ESRI

11 Kinds of GIS Data Representation Vector Point Line (Arc) Area (Polygon) Points, Lines, and Areas in Space Raster Grid Hexagons, others Quasi-Continuous Surface in Space

12 Vector Data Model Æ(X,Y) (X 1,Y 1 ) (X 10,Y 10 ) (X 1,Y 1 ) Æ (X 2,Y 2 ) (X 3,Y 3 ) (X 4,Y 4 ) (X 5,Y 5 ) (X 9,Y 9 ) (X 6,Y 6 ) (X 2,Y 2 ) Æ (X 7,Y 7 ) (X 8,Y 8 )

13 Point Line Area (Polygon) Surfaces Spatial Elements in a Vector World Source: DeMers 1997

14 Vector Data Structure Source:

15 Points Vector Data Model Areas or Polygons Lines Model - Simplified representation of the patterns or processes of a system. In this case, the Earth s Surface (not Clarke s definition).

16 Vector Data Model

17 Raster Data Model

18 Raster Data Model

19 Raster Data Structure Source:

20 Raster Data Structure

21 Raster Representation of Point, Line, Area Also: Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) Source: DeMers

22 Raster Data Structure Source: Clarke, K.C Getting Started with GIS. Prentice-Hall.

23 Vector Data Structure Any better?

24 Raster vs. Vector RASTER Simple Data Structure Rows/Columns of Equal-Size Grid Cells, Each of Which Has Real X,Y Coordinates Resolution Depends on Cell Size Each Cell has Single Attribute (may link to separate attribute table) VECTOR Points, Lines, Polygons with Topological Relationships and Real X,Y Coordinates for All Features Resolution Depends on Source Data Objects may have a Number of Attributes Each Feature has Unique Identifier Linking it to Descriptive Attributes

25 Organizing Data and Information Information can be organized as lists, numbers, tables, text, pictures, maps, or indexes. Clusters of information called data can be stored together as a database. A database is stored in a computer as files.

26 SHOES Baltimore Orioles 39 o 20 N 76 o 38 W New York Yankees 40 o 40 N 73 o 58 W Figure 2.1 The Elements of a GIS. (1) The Database (shoebox); (2) The Records (Baseball Cards); (3) The Attributes (The categories on the cards, such as a batting average; (4) The geographic information (locations of the team s stadium in latitude and longitude); (5) A means to use the information (the computer). Source: Clarke 1999

27 The GIS Database In a database, we store attributes as column headers and records as rows. The content of an attribute for one record is a value. A value can be numerical or text.

28 Flat File Database Attribute Attribute Attribute Record Value Value Value Record Value Value Value Record Value Value Value

29 The GIS Database (ctd) Data in a GIS must contain a geographic reference to a map, such as latitude and longitude. The GIS cross-references the attribute data with the map data, allowing searches based on either or both. The cross-reference is a link.

30 Relational Database Terms Entities = in GIS, points, lines, areas, surfaces (Vector), Grid Cell (Raster). Attributes = Information about the Entities Tuples = Ordered records of rows of attribute values.

31 Why Relational?

32 Geographical Representation of Entities and Attributes A jump from databases to geographic representation - difficulties? Several other attributes come into play: Location Connections Angles and distances Neighbors Topology

33 Sources of GIS Data See Pointer MWB Web Site 1/Pointers_to_WWW_GIS_Resources.html

34 What can we do with GIS: Case Study Camp Pendleton Case Study Go to

35 Camp Pendleton, CA Context Region

36 Region of Camp Pendleton

37 Land Cover 1990+

38 Plans Build-Out

39 Comparison and Plans Build-Out Land Cover 1990+

40 Various Data

41 Various Analyses

42 Final Results - Conservation Priority

43 The Software: Idrisi Run Idrisi Environment File Structure Raster and Raster Documentation Files Run ArcView Add Extensions File Structure ArcView Feature, Image, and Grid Files

44 Idrisi

45 IDRISI System Basics WINDOWS SCREEN - run IDRISI Menu System Tool Bar Status Bar Program Modules Setting the Working Directory Working with IDRISI dialog boxes Pick Lists Automatic Output File Names Overwrite Protection HELP FILES!!!!!!

46 IDRISI System Basics MAP LAYERS (Displayed) Image Layers -.rst and.rdc files Vector Layers -.vct and.vdc files MAP LAYER FILE STRUCTURES Image Files Integer Files (+/ bit integers) Byte Files ( bit integers) Real Number Files (+/- 1 x significant digits) CONVERT Actually stored as:

47 Idrisi System Basics Other File Types (not displayed) Attribute Values Files and Documentation Files Symbol and Palette Files Reference System Parameter Files Group Files Map Composition Files

48 Idrisi System Basics Displaying Maps and Map Layers Display launcher Map Window Composer Printer Workshop Symbol Workshop Palette Workshop

49 ArcView

50 ArcView Windows: Project, View, Table, Layout Selections: Map, Table Legend Editor Query, Measurement, Analyses

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