Geography 38/42:376 GIS II. Topic 1: Spatial Data Representation and an Introduction to Geodatabases. The Nature of Geographic Data

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1 Geography 38/42:376 GIS II Topic 1: Spatial Data Representation and an Introduction to Geodatabases Chapters 3 & 4: Chang (Chapter 4: DeMers) The Nature of Geographic Data Features or phenomena occur as either: discrete entities (objects/plps) continuously varying phenomena (fields/cs) some could go either way GIS Data Representation How PLPs and CS are stored Two primary GIS data models Raster Vector 1

2 Data Structures and Data Models Raster and Vector refer to a particular data model A data structure refers to a particular implementation of either data model and often a unique data format or file type Topology The spatial relationships between things An important distinction between data models and data structures esp. for vector, not as important for raster Can be stored or calculated on the fly Raster Vector Data Models Differ in terms of: accuracy storage functionality efficiency topology suitability for representing discrete vs. continuous 2

3 Raster Data Model Study area divided up into a regular array of discrete grid cells of uniform shape and size Raster Representation of Continuous Data (Surfaces) or interpolated Raster Representation of Discrete Data 3

4 Thematic vs. Discrete Thematic rasters - discrete representations Continuous rasters - continuous representations Accuracy of Raster Data Determined by grid cell size Referred to as resolution User defined Sensor design Advantages of Raster Model Advantages: Easy to understand Mathematical operations Representing continuous phenomena 4

5 Disadvantages of Raster Model Disadvantages: Representing discrete phenomena Data redundancy No topology (for discrete data) Spatial accuracy Raster Data Structures Method by which raster model is implemented in a particular GIS software application Typically, user is unaware of how data structure works Vector Data Model Study area is referenced to a coordinate system that is used to identify the location of points, lines, and polygons using x, y, (z) coordinates 5

6 Raster or DEM TIN 1/11/2018 Vector Representation of Discrete Data Vector Representation of Continuous Data (Surfaces) 6

7 Raster TIN Vector Data Model Advantages: Representation of discrete objects No data redundancy Spatial accuracy Topology Vector Data Model Disadvantages: Mathematical analysis Not suitable for continuously distributed data 7

8 Vector Data Models Two common vector data models Georelational Vector Data Model Arc/Info coverages - topological ArcView shapefiles non topological Object-based Vector Data Model ArcGIS Geodatabases Georelational Data Model Figure 3.2 Based on the georelational data model, an ArcInfo coverage has two components: graphic files for spatial data and INFO files for attribute data. The label connects the two components. 40 Object-based Model Based on object oriented programming theory Objects: represent features have defined properties and methods can be organized into classes 8

9 The Geodatabase data format An implementation of the object based model The native ArcGIS data structure Geospatial features are represented using objects Features have properties and methods Objects are organized into super- and subclasses Features & attributes stored in single file or database The foundation of ArcObjects Binary field storing feature geometry Soil Conservation Projects Shoal Lake Study Area Streams Soil Type RM Boundaries Figure 4.8 In a geodatabase, feature classes can be standalone feature classes or members of a feature dataset. 89 9

10 What can be stored in a Geodatabase? Single-user and Multi-user Geodatabases Geodatabases and Rasters Raster Dataset Standalone raster or image file in any format One or many bands, thematic or continuous Raster Catalog Created in a geodatase, but stores only a reference to adjacent or overlapping rasters in a table Not as a mosaic Mosaic Dataset Collection of adjacent images, like a feature dataset is a collection of feature classes Treated as single image, viewed as a mosaic Geodatabases and Terrains A multiresolution, TINbased surface Built from a series of x, y, z coordinates and breaklines From LIDAR, ground survey, or satellite/aerial imagery 10

11 Geodatabase Advantages Topology Rules Rules that describe how features share geometric properties Primarily used to ensure data quality through error checking and validation during editing Also used for analytical operations that identify: adjacent features coincident boundaries connected lines Feature Type Polygon Line Point Rule must not overlap, must not have gaps, must not overlap with, must be covered by feature class of, must cover each other, must be covered by, boundary must be covered by, area boundary must be covered by boundary of, and contains point must not overlap, must not intersect, must not have dangles, must not have pseudo-nodes, must not intersect or touch interior, must not overlap with, must be covered by feature class of, must be covered by boundary of, endpoint must be covered by, must not self overlap, must not self intersect, and must be single part must be covered by boundary of, must be properly inside polygons, must be covered by endpoint of, and must be covered by line Table 4.1 Topology rules in the geodatabase data model 94 Geodatabase Advantages Attribute Domains Rules that determine allowed attribute values Used as a means of ensuring data quality Rules include: Default data values Coded values Ranges of values 11

12 Geodatabase Advantages Relationship Rules Define how spatial and aspatial data can be connected joined or related More on this later Geodatabase Advantages Subtypes Subsets of features in a feature class that have similar attributes, but different values E.g. types of roads, pipes, power lines Enable you to categorize or differentiate between data within a feature class Subtypes can be assigned different: topology rules attribute domains relationship rules custom rules 12

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