Measuring access and practice. KristofBOSTOEN

Transcription

1 Measuring access

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3 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN List

4 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN Acronyms, Abbreviation

5 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN 1 Introduction Access to safe water and sanitary means of excreta disposal are a universal need and should be considered basic human rights. They are essential elements of human development and poverty alleviation and constitute an indispensable component of preventive healthcare. With Vision 21, the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) has set the agenda for the water, sanitation and environmental hygiene sector in the first quarter of the 21

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7 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN Target

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10 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN Table 4 shows the advantages and limitations of using demonstrations in health surveys. Advantages:

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12 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN 1. A core set of standardised questions and observations resulting in core data which is minimum data needed

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14 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN Objectives

15 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN 'Validation' access Survey status Positive Negative

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17 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN 4.2 Sample size determination for testing the indicators The simple random sample is the gold standard in sampling, and if a simple random sampling would be used to determine the proportion in the target population the sample size needed can be calculated with the following equations. Sample size

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19 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN same sample calculated as if it were a random sample'. This gives us an idea of the possible true design effect, which

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22 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN used.

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25 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN the geographical spread of the sample. As such criteria might also result in a biased sample an adapted EPI method by selecting every n th household was preferred as tested by (Bennett et al. 1994) The second method is a random geographical method in which a random geographical point is chosen in the PSU and the closest household to it is selected. The next household selected is the closest to another random geographical point. While some preliminary result indicates that EPI n th seem still to have a bias for higher population densities the random geographical point method is expected to have exactly the opposite. The second method will need the use of GPSs which will increase the cost of surveying. This seems to be

26 Measuring access and practice Kristof BOSTOEN the geographical spread

27 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN a) Equal Probability Sample "-: -. "V'^-: :: ' : "?~ ';;.;-

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31 Measuring access and practice KristofBOSTOEN i 1 <]E1 Field testing L CIS Bangladesh Bulgaria Kenya Nicaragua South Africa» I j if!ii lj SP [UP Hpf ^*J" Iff Ri S re fss iff fifr

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33 Annex

34 Annex D Cluster/Sample cost ratio KristofBostoen Annex D Cluster/Sample cost ratio A cluster sampling survey has two different costs, the cost of each sample and the extra cost for each cluster as illustrated in Figure 9. The cost of sampling 1 BSU would be typically the salary and stationary cost

35 Annex E Overview of factors considered for indicators KristofBostoen Annex E Overview of factors considered for indicators Indicators for hygiene practices Personal hygiene Handwashing System for handwashing Handwashing demonstration as an 'indicator' Cleanliness of the interviewee/mother or caretaker Proper disposal of children's faeces Child uses diapers, underclothes/clean child's bottom. Bacteria on finger tips Cleanliness of sanitation facilities

36 Annex E Overview of factors considered for indicators Kristof Bostoen Indicators

37 Annex F Example from the final draft of the questionnaire Kristof Bostoen Annex F Example from the final draft of the questionnaire Al is a question and A2 is an observation on hygiene behaviour while the decision model in flowchart format

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39 Annex G Screen shots from the sampling simulator Kristof Bostoen Annex

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41 Bibliography KristofBostoen Bibliography Almedon, A., Blumenthal, U. and Manderson, L. (1997). Hygiene Evaluation Procedures. ODA, INFDC, LSHTM, UKICEF Bennett, S. (1993). The EPI cluster sampling method: A critical appraisal. ISI 49th session, Firenze Bennett, S., Radalowicz, A., Vella, V. and Tomkins, A. (1994). "A computer simulation of household sampling schemes for health surveys in developing countries." InternationalJournal of Epidemiology 23(6): Bennett, S., Woods, T., Liyanage, W. M. and Smith, D. L. (1991). "A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys

42 Bibliography Kristof Bostoen ORC Macro (2001). Model "A" questionnaire with commentary for high contraceptive prevalence countries. Calverton, Maryland USA, ORC Macro Pedersen, D. (1994). Qualitative and quantitative, two styles of viewing the world or two categories of reality. Studying hygiene behaviour; Methods used and experiences. Cairncross S. and Kochar V., Eds. New Delhi, Sage Publications: Qaba, O. (1999). Intra-cluster Homogeneity in South African Survey Data. 52nd Session of the International Statistical Institute (ISI), Finland.hrtp:// Ruel, M. T. and Arimond, M. (2002). "Spot-check observational method for accessing hygiene practices: Review

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44 OF THIS MONTH'S I "-!/ DCVB UNIT Wednesday 30th