MICROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE

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1 MICROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE Edited by THOMAS R. DIETRICH WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 CONTENTS PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS xi xvii I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Impact of Microtechnologies on Chemical Processing 3 Jean F. Jenck 1.1 Innovation: An Answer to the Challenges of Sustainable Development / Process Intensification: A New Paradigm in Chemical Engineering / Microprocessing for Process Identification / Intensified Flux of Information (R&D) vs. Intensified Flux of Material (Production) / Implementation of Microtechnologies in Chemical Processing: A Few Select Examples / Challenge of Cost Efficiency: Balance between Capex and Орех / Perspectives / 24 Bibliography and Other Sources / 27 v

3 VI CONTENTS II MICROFLUIDIC METHODS 29 2 Microreactors Constructed from Metallic Materials 31 Frank N. Herbstritt 2.1 Metals as Materials of Construction for Microreactors / Material Selection / Micro- and Precision Engineering Methods / Joining and Mounting Techniques / 44 Bibliography and Other Sources / 46 3 Microreactors Constructed from Insulating Materials and Semiconductors 47 Norbert Schwesinger and Andreas Freitag 3.1 Silicon Microreactors / Glass Microreactors / 55 Bibliography and Other Sources / 63 4 Micromixers 65 Joelle Aubin and Catherine Xuereb 4.1 Introduction / Mixing Principles and Fluid Contacting / Technical Aspects / Evaluating the Performance of a Micromixer / Multiphase Mixing / Problems and Solutions / 82 Bibliography / 84 5 MicroChannel Heat Exchangers and Reactors 87 Mark George Kirby and Svend Rumbold 5.1 MicroChannel Heat Exchangers / Chemical Reaction and MicroChannel Heat Exchangers / 126 Bibliography / Separation Units 131 Asterios Gavriilidis and John Edward Andrew Shaw 6.1 Introduction / Membrane Separation of Gases / Absorption of Gases / Stripping of Volatile Components /145

4 CONTENTS VÜ 6.5 Distillation of Binary Mixtures / Immiscible Phase Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Particle Separation from Liquids / Concluding Remarks / 155 Bibliography /156 7 Calculations and Simulations 165 Dieter Bothe 7.1 Introduction / Mechanisms and Scales / Modeling and Computation of Reacting Flows / Evaluation and Validation of CFD Simulations / 179 Bibliography /182 III PERIPHERIC EQUIPMENT Dosage Equipment 187 Asif Kahm and Wolfgang Loth 8.1 Concept and Requirements / Type of Pumps / Range of Suitability / 194 Bibliography /197 9 Micromachined Sensors for Microreactors 199 Jan Dziuban 9.1 Introduction / Pressure Sensors / Temperature Sensors / Flow and Mass Flow Sensors / Conductometric/Amperometric Sensors / Optical Photometric and Fluorometric Sensors / Closing Remarks / 237 Acknowledgments / 239 Bibliography and Other Sources / Automating Microprocess Systems 245 Thomas Müller-Heinzerling 10.1 Automation: Why? / Sensors and Actuators for Microprocess Systems / 247

5 viii CONTENTS 10.3 Typical Architectures and Functionalities of Control Systems / Examples of Automated Microprocess Systems / Summary / 264 Bibliography / 264 IV MICROREACTION PLANTS Strategies for Lab-Scale Development 267 Dirk Krischneck 11.1 Introduction / Criteria for Choosing the Correct MRT Device / Applications for MRT Plants / Further Aspects of Lab-Scale Development / 279 Acknowledgments /281 Bibliography / Microreaction Systems for Education 285 Marcel A. Liauw and Dina E. Treu 12.1 Introduction / Influence of the Industrial Sector on Microreactor Education / Academic Approaches to Teaching about Microreactors / Academic Courses on Microreactors and Interdisciplinary Classes / Future Outlook / 295 Bibliography / Microreaction Systems for Large-Scale Production 299 Anna Lee Y. Tonkovich and Eric A. Daymo 13.1 Overview of Large-Scale Opportunity and Challenges / Scale-Up Considerations for Large-Scale Systems / Competing with Conventional Technology and Economy of Scale / Examples of Large-Scale Production / Future of Large-Scale Production Opportunities / 320 Bibliography / 321

6 CONTENTS IX 14 Process Intensification 325 Michael Matlosz, Laurent Falk, and Jean-Marc Commenge 14.1 Introduction / Definitions and Objectives / International State-of-the-Art / Guidelines / Case Studies / Other Intensification Principles / 345 Bibliography / Standardization in Microprocess Engineering 349 Alexis Bazzanella 15.1 Introduction / The MicroChemTec Standardization Initiative / Conclusion and Outlook / 356 Bibliography / 357 V APPLICATIONS Polymerization in Microfluidic Reactors 361 Eugenia Kumacheva, Hong Zhang, and Zhihong Nie 16.1 Introduction / Polymerization in a Continuous Solution Flowing Through Microchannels / Polymerization in Droplets / Conclusions / 380 Bibliography / Photoreactions 385 Teijiro Ichimura, Yoshihisa Matsushita, Kosaku Sakeda, and Tadashi Suzuki 17.1 Theory / Photoreactions in Microreactors / Typical Examples of Other Research / 397 Bibliography and Other Sources / 401

7 X CONTENTS 18 Intensification of Catalytic Process by Micro-Structured Reactors 403 Lioubov Kiwi-Minsker and Albert Renken 18.1 Introduction / Characteristics of Microstructured Reactors / Microstructured Reactors for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions / Main Design Parameters of Catalytic MSR / Conclusions / 425 Bibliography / Microstructured Immobilized Enzyme Reactors for Biocatalysis 431 Malene S. Thomsen and Bernd Nidetzky 19.1 Introduction / Steps Toward a Microstructured Immobilized Enzyme Reactor / Selected Examples from the Literature / 440 Acknowledgments /441 Bibliography / Multiphase Reactions 449 J. G. E. (Han) Gardeniers 20.1 Introduction / Two-Phase Flow Regimes / Examples of Microreactors Based on Segmented Flow / Examples of Microreactors Based on Other Flow Types / Concluding Remarks / 468 Bibliography / 469 INDEX 475

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