Chromatography Theory and Applications

Transcription

1 Chromatography Theory and Applications

2 Chromatography Theory Overview Separation Modes Anion Exchange Chromatography Cation Exchange Chromatography Ion Exclusion Chromatography Ligand Exchange Chromatography Reversed Phase Chromatography Chemical Suppression Detection Modes

3 Overview Chromatography (LC) is the separation of species by various separation modes followed by suppressed conductivity, UV or some other type of detection Separator Column Suppressor Injector Detector

4 Separation Modes Chromatography (LC) is the separation of species by various separation modes followed by suppressed conductivity, UV or some other type of detection Separator Column Suppressor Injector Detector

5 Substrates: Polymers Used Most common Polymer used is a co-polymer of polystyrene and divinylbenzene (PS/DVB) CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH

6 Features of PS/DVB Rugged Cross-linked polymer ph range 0-14 solvent compatible with many solvents Temperature stable Able to control shrink/swell with X-linking Control particle size and porosity Well defined polymerization and functionalization chemistries

7 Separation Modes Ion Exchange Anion Exchange Cation Exchange Ion Exclusion Ligand Exchange Reversed Phase (Ion Pairing)

8 Anion Exchange Transgenomic Bead Characteristics Cross-linked PS/DVB core Coating Quaternary Ammonium Exchange Groups Common Buffers Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Carbonate/Bicarbonate Sodium Chloride

9 Mechanism for Anion Exchange Common Applications Inorganic Anions Organic Acids Oxyhalides Amino Acids Proteins/Peptides DNA/Oligos Transition Metals Resin-NR + 3 OH - + A - K eq Resin-NR + 3 A - + OH -

10 Anion Exchange IC Applications 1. Fluoride 2. Chloride Nitrite 4. Bromide Conductivity Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate Minutes

11 Oxyhalides by Anion Exchange 4 COMPONENT Conductivit y Fluoride 2. Chlorite 3. Bromate 4. Chloride 5. Nitrite 6. Chlorate 7. Nitrate 8. Bromide 9. Phosphate 10. Sulfate Time

12 Cation Exchange Transgenomic Bead Characteristics Cross-linked PS/DVB core Sulfonic, Phosphonic, Carboxylic Acid Functional Groups Common Eluants Organic Acids (Citrate, Oxalate) Methane Sulfonic Acid Buffers NaCl

13 Mechanism for Cation Exchange Common Applications Grp I & II Cations Ammonium Species Transition Metals Amino Acids Proteins/Peptides Resin-SO 3- H + + A + K eq Resin-SO 3- A + + H +

14 Cation Exchange Applications Hydrolysate Amino Acid Analysis using a Beckman Sodium AAA Column thr asp ser glu ala gly val met iso-leu lys leu phe tyr his arg

15 Cation IC Applications 1 1. Copper 2. Nickel 3. Zinc 4. Iron Manganese 6. Cadmium 7 7. Lead Minutes

16 Ion Exclusion Chromatography Bead Characteristics Cross-linked PS/DVB core Macroporous Highly Sulfonated Common Eluants Strong Acids (HCL, Sulfuric) Organic Acids (OSA, Perchloric, Perfluorobutyric Acid)

17 Mechanism for Ion Exclusion Common Applications Organic Acids Borate/Carbonate Alcohols RCOOH (retained) pka RCOO - (excluded)

18 Ion Exclusion Applications 1 2 Krebs Cycle Acids Citric 2. Tartaric 3. Glucose 4. Malic 5. Fructose 6 6. Lactic 7. Glycerol Acetic 9. Methanol 10. Ethanol Minutes

19 Reversed Phase (Ion Pairing) Chromatography Transgenomic Bead Characteristics Cross-linked PS/DVB core Macroporous or Nonporous May be alkylated (-CO, -C18) Common Mobile Phases Acetonitrile/Water Methanol/Water Common Ion Pairing Reagents TEAA TMAOH TBAOH

20 Mechanism for Ion Pairing Common Applications Surfactants DNA ethylamines Aliphatic Acids Transition Metals TBA + A - (retained) TBA + + A - (moves)

21 Ion Pairing Reversed Phase

22 Reversed Phase Applications Physostigmine 2. Acetophenone 3. Ethyl Phenone 4. Butyl Phenone 1 5. Valerphenone Minutes

23 20-mer on an OLIGOSep Column Separation of 20-mer from n-1, n-2 failures mer 18mer mer UV Response

24 Ligand Exchange Chromatography Bead Characteristics Cross-linked PS/DVB core Macroporous Highly Sulfonated Metal Loaded (Pb, Ca, etc.) Common Eluants Water Sodium Hydroxide

25 Mechanism for Ligand Exchange Common Applications Alcohols Carbohydrates Weak Acids esin-so 3- M + + H 2 O + A - K eq Resin-SO 3- M + + A - + H 2 O

26 Ligand Exchange Application Monosaccharides on a CARBOSep CHO-620 sta raf suc glu gal fru man sor 0 min

27 Chemical Suppression Used Only In IC: Ion Chromatography (IC) is the separation of ionic species by ion exchange chromatography coupled with suppressed conductivity detection Separator Column Suppressor Injector Detector

28 Altech: packed bed suppressor Chemical Suppression Purpose Reduce background conductivity from eluant and increase signal from analytes to make high sensitivity ion analysis possible Types of Suppressors Available Dionex: self regenerating suppressor, membrane suppressors, fiber suppressors, packed bed suppressors

29 How Chemical Suppression Works Waste Eluant Waste Na + Na + Na + H + Na + H + Na + OH - Na + Na + OH - OH - Na + H + Regenerant H + H + H + OH- H + H + H + H 2 O H 2 OH 2 O H 2 O Regenerant

30 Chemical Suppression Reactions Anion IC H + Na + + OH - Na + H 2 O H + Na + + HCO - 3 H 2 CO 3 H 2 O + CO 2 Na + H + Na + + A - H + + A - Na +

31 Chemical Suppression Reactions Cation IC H + + MSA - OH - MSA - H 2 O OH - A + + Cl - A + + OH - Cl -

32 LC Detection Modes Chromatography (LC) is the separation of species by various separation modes followed by suppressed conductivity, UV or some other type of detection Separator Column Suppressor Injector Detector

33 LC Detection Modes UV/Vis - Most common for LS DIrect UV (diode array) Indirect UV - Refractive Index Direct UV w/ Post Column Reaction Conductivity - Most Common for IC Amperometry - For Carbohydrates Other (Mass Sepc, ELS, etc.)

34 Agenda Introduction Chromatography Theory Cetac IC Products Transgenomic Life Science Products Competitive Analysis Conclusion

35 Transgenomic Ion Chromatography Products

36 ICSep Ion Exchange Columns ICSep Columns for Anion Analysis ICSep AN1 ICSep AN1-SC ICSep AN2 ICSep AN300 ICSep AN300b ICSep ANSC ICSep Columns for Cation Analysis ICSep CN2

37 Features and Benefits of Cetac IC Columns

38 Features of the ICSep AN1 Column Separates 7 Standard Ions in 15 minutes Fluoride separated from water dip with Carb/Bicarb Eluant Runs in both suppressed and nonsuppressed formats High Capacity for dirty samples Direct replacement for the Dionex AS11 Works with hydroxide, PHBA or Carbonate eluants

39 Conditions Eluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM Bicarb Flow 1.0mL/min Detect: Suppressed Cond

40 Features of the ICSep AN300 Column Separates 7 Standard Ions in 8 minutes Designed and Verified equivalent for EPA method 300.0(a) Fluoride completely resolved from water dip Works with hydroxide or Carbonate eluants Direct Replacement for AS-4A column running anions in water

41 Conditions Eluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM Bicarb Flow 2.0mL/min Detect: Suppressed Cond

42 Features of the ICSep AN300b Column Designed to separate 7 Standard Ions as well as oxyhalides and organic acids Designed and Verified equivalent for EPA method 300.0(b) Solvent compatible, can clean with even organic solvents (i.e. methanol) Works with hydroxide or Carbonate eluants Very High Capacity - Direct Replacement for AS9- HC column running disinfection agents in water

43

44 Features of the ICSep ANSC Column Same selectivity as the Dionex AS-4ASC Compatible with Organic Solvents 7 Standard Anions in 11 minutes Compatible with both hydroxide and carbonate-based eluants

45 Conditions Eluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM Bicarb Flow 2.0mL/min Detect: Suppressed Cond

46 Features of the ICSep AN1-SC Same features as the AN1 Direct Replacement for systems using the Dionex AS11/AS12 Now Compatible with up to 100% Organic Solvents***

47 Conditions Eluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM Bicarb Flow 1.0mL/min Detect: Suppressed Cond

48 Features of the New ICSep AN2 Very high Capacity Separates organic acids and ions in same run Compatible with Organic Solvents Direct replacement for systems running Dionex AS14 columns (1mM HCO 3 /3.5mM CO 3 ) Compatible with both hydroxide and carbonatebased eluants

49 ICSep AN2 COMPONENTS: 1. FLUORIDE 2. ACETATE 3. CHLORIDE 4. NITRITE 5. BROMIDE 6. NITRATE 7. PHOSPHATE 8. SULFATE

50 Features of the ICSep CN2 Column Separates Group I and Group II Cations as well as Transition series metals Separates Ammonium Species Compatible with all common Cation exchange eluants Works in both suppressed and nonsuppressed modes

51

52 OEM Vendors for IC Columns Latchatt - Special AN300 to Latchatt specs Metrohm - Metrosupp 1 : AN300b Metrosupp 2 : AN1 Metrosupp 3 : AN1-SC

53 Symptoms of Column Contamination Inorganic Contamination - peaks tail, retention time decreases, pressure increases Metals - Phosphate disappears Organic Contamination - increase pressure, nitrate tails, etc. Notes: Always recommend guard column, if pressure high change frit.

54 Care of Transgenomic IC Columns Long Term Storage - either water or 10mM NaOH Inorganic Contamination 40mM 0.5mL/min for 1 hour (for metals) 0.1M 1.0mL/min for 3 hours Organic Contamination Solvent Compatible Columns flush 90% ACN or 1.0mL/min for 2 hours (ANSC, AN1-SC, AN300b, AN2) Non-SC columns flush with 10% 0.5mL/min overnight (AN1, AN300) Follow with Inorganic Cleanup

55 Agenda Introduction Chromatography Theory Cetac IC Products Transgenomic Life Science Products Competitive Analysis Conclusion

56 Transgenomic Chromatography Products for Life Science Applications

57 Amino Acid Columns

58 Amino Acid Analysis Columns AMINOSep Columns for Amino Acid Analysis AA 911 AA 511 AA 903 Transgenomic Columns for the 63/7300 Transgenomic Lithium Transgenomic Sodium Transgenomic Sodium AA column for System Gold

59 Features of Transgenomic AAA Columns Both Sodium and Lithium Cation Exchange Forms Separates both hydrolysates and physiological fluid amino acids Very tight particle size range for high efficiency Standard for Beckman and Pharmacia AAA Systems (we supply 95% of the worlds use for IEX amino acid analysis columns/resin) Rugged, long-lasting design

60 Transgenomic Lithium Column for 63/7300

61 ransgenomic Sodium Column for 63/7300

62 Sodium Column for System Gold

63 OEM Vendors for AAA Columns Beckman - System Gold, Na+ and Li+ Waters - Na+ Cation Exchange Merck - Na+ Cation Exchange Phamacia - Resin Pickering - Resin

64 Symptoms of Column Contamination Peaks Co-Elute Retention Times Increase Irreproducible Ammonia Peak Peaks begin to tail Notes: this is a really complex analysis and columns may need to be regenerated frequently

65 Care of Transgenomic AAA Columns Long Term Storage - either C Buffer or 10mM NaOH Column Contamination First flush with 20% IPA or 0.5mL/min for 30 minutes Next, If Lithium form column use 0.1M LiOH if Sodium form column use 0.1M NaOH 0.5mL/min for 1-3 hours Flush with DI Water for 15 minutes Reequilibrate on A Buffer Follow with Inorganic Cleanup NOTE: Column regeneration buffer available

66 Carbohydrate Analysis Columns

67 Carbohydrate Analysis Columns CARBOSep Columns for Carbohydrate Analysis CHO-411 CHO-611 (Na) CHO-620 (Ca) CHO-682 (Pb) CHO-820 CHO-882 COREGEL 87C COREGEL 87H COREGEL 87K COREGEL 87N COREGEL 87P

68 eatures of Transgenomic Carbohydrate Columns Separates sugars and alcohols Compatible with water and hydroxide mobile phases Longest history with ligand-exchange gels Separates both mono and oligosaccharides up to DP7 Compatible with USP methods Very rugged, long lasting design Highest efficiency ligand-exchange columns available

69 87C 87P 87K COREGEL 87H Stachyose Raffinose Maltotriose Sucrose ND Cellobiose NA 7.76 Trehalose 7.32 NA NA Maltose Melibiose NA NA 7.88 Lactose Lactulose NA NA Maltitol 9.15 NA NA NA Glucose Sorbose NA Xylose NA Rhamnose NA Mannose Fructose Fucose Arabinose Mannitol NA Arabitol NA Sorbitol Xylitol

70 CARBOSep CHO-620 (Calcium Form)

71 CARBOSep CHO-682 (Lead Form)

72 CARBOSep CHO-820 (Calcium Form)

73 CARBOSep CHO-611 (Sodium Form)

74 eatures of COREGEL Columns 9 micron particle size 8% crosslinked Very tight particle size range for highest efficiency Available in Calcium, Sodium, Lead, Hydrogen, Silver and Potassium Direct substitution for BioRad AMINEX columns and any other AMINEX equivalent

75 CARBOSep COREGEL 87C (Ca Form)

76 CARBOSep COREGEL 87K (K Form)

77 CARBOSep COREGEL 87N (Na Form)

78 CARBOSep COREGEL 87P (Pb Form)

79 OEM Vendors for Carbohydrate Columns Waters - SugarPak Merck - Polysphere MetaChem - Metacarb Machery Nagel Varian Chrompack

80 Symptoms of Column Contamination Peaks Broaden Retention Time Shifts Pressure Increases Irrepudicible Retention Times Note: Always recommend a guard column with carbohydrate columns

81 Care of Transgenomic Carbo Columns Long Term Storage - DI Water Column Contamination These columns are very hard to clean and usually require replacement. For Organic Contamination: NEVER EXCEED 10% ACN or MeOH because these resins swell very easily, flush at 0.3mL/m for several hours, then flush with DI Water. Watch column pressure.

82 Care of Transgenomic Carbo Columns Column Contamination - Inorganics and Biocontamination Select cleaning solvent very carefully - it should match the ionic form of the column. Use 0.1M NaOH for CHO-611/OH and COREGEL 87N Use 0.1M CaOH for CHO-820 and COREGEL 87C Use 0.1M KOH for COREGEL 87K Flush column at 0.3mL/min overnight then flush with water for several hours For CHO-682 or COREGEL 87P use 0.1M NaOH overnight followed by 0.1M PbCl for 3

83 Ion Exclusion Columns

84 Ion Exclusion Columns ICSep Columns for Organic Acid, Carbonate and Alcohol Analysis ICSep ICE-ION-300 ICSep ICE-ION-310 ICSep ICE-ARH-601 ICSep ICE-ORH-801 ICSep ICE-COREGEL 64H ICSep ICE-COREGEL 87H

85 Features of the ICSep ICE-ION 300 Separates Organic Acids, Sugars and Alcohols with VERY high resolution Small Particle Size provide high efficiency Designed for use with normal matrices Recommend for Wine Analysis Designed for High Resolution Applications

86

87 Features of the ICSep ICE-ORH 801 Separates Organic Acids, Sugars and Alcohols with good resolution Intermediate resolution between ION-300 and Coregel 87H Blended to provide optimum resolution with good ruggedness Can also run inorganic anions such as sulfite, azide, fluoride and arsenic species Designed as general purpose column

88

89 Features of the ICSep ICE-COREGEL 87H The most rugged column (8% cross linked) Larger bed volume, bead size, lower pressure allows the column to be run at fast flow rates Separates Sugars, Alcohols and Organic Acids all on one column in same run Designed for use with tough matrices Direct replacement for BioRad Aminex Columns

90

91 Features of the ICSep ICE-ION 310 Designed for fast run organic acid analysis High sensitivity, rapid analysis of borate and bicarbonate Rugged column Designed for use with tough matrices Choose this column when speed is the primary concern

92 Features of the ICSep ICE-ARH 601 Designed for analysis of Aromatic Organic Acids Eluants employ only Sulfuric Acid and Water, no organic modifiers are required Only ICE column available designed especially for Aromatic Organic Acids

93

94 Features of the ICSep ICE-COREGEL 64H Larger bed volume, bead size, lower pressure allows the column to be run at fast flow rates Separates Sugars, Alcohols and Organic Acids all on one column in same run Direct replacement for BioRad Aminex Column

95 OEM Vendors for Ion Exclusion Columns Metachem - MetaCarb Alltech Merck Machery Nagel

96 Symptoms of Column Contamination Inorganic Contamination - peaks tail, retention time decreases, pressure increases Metals - Irreproducible results Organic Contamination - increased pressure Notes: Always recommend guard column this will help protect the separator.

97 Care of Transgenomic Ion Exclusion Columns Long Term Storage - 10mM Sulfuric Acid Inorganic Contamination 40mM 0.4mL/min for 1 hour (for metals) 0.1M Sulfuric 0.4mL/min for 6 hours flush with DI-water then reequilibrate Organic Contamination NEVER EXCEED 10% ACN or MeOH and watch pressure carefully, flush at 0.4mL/min for 3 hours then flush thoroughly with water.

98 Reversed Phase Columns for Ion Pairing Chromatography

99 RPSep Reversed Phase/Ion Pairing Columns RPSep Columns for Reversed Phase and Ion Pairing Chromatography RPSep PRX-1 RPSep ACT-1 C18 RPSep PolyRP CO OLIGOSep - 1

100 Column Options Two Options: non-functionalized or alkylated PS/DVB Non-Functionalized OLIGOSep, PRX, PolyRP C0 5µm PS/DVB C18 Alkylated ACT-1 5µm PS/DVB

101 Features of the RPSep PolyRP-CO Column CO functionalization provides hydrophillic surface for separation of less polar compounds Proprietary, patented, alkylation technology Small particle size with tight particle size range for high efficiency

102

103 Features of the RPSep PRX-1 Column Nonfunctionalized PS/DVB ideal for separation of both polar and nonpolar species Fine particle size range for high efficiency Exceptionally rugged design Direct replacement for Dionex NS1 or Hamilton PRP-1 columns

104

105 Features of the RPSep ACT-1 C18 Column Alkylated with C18 groups, provides hydrophobic surface ideal for the separation of polar species ph Stable over range of 0-14 Proprietary, patented, technology Very high efficiency

106

107 Care of Transgenomic Reversed Phase Columns Long Term Storage - 40% ACN and Water Inorganic Contamination 40mM 1.0mL/min for 1/2 hour (for metals) 0.1M Sodium 1.0mL/min for 1 hours flush with DI-water then reequilibrate Organic Contamination Flush with 95% ACN or 1.0mL/minute for 3 hours

108 Agenda Introduction Chromatography Theory Cetac IC Product Launch Transgenomic Life Science Products Competitive Analysis Conclusion

109 Competitive Positioning and Analysis IC Products

110 Goals for Transgenomic IC Products

111 Product Positioning Cetac Technologies Offers a Complete Line of Chromatography Columns that Provide Superior Solutions for the Analysis of Ionic Species at a lower cost than Competitive Alternatives

112 Summary: Make Better Columns at a Lower Cost

113 Key Competitor in the IC Market-- Dionex Corporation

114 Dionex - Background Founded 1975 Recognized leader in Ion Chromatography > 20,000 IC Systems Installed ~$165M in Annual Sales ~$37M Annual Sales in IC Columns

115 Dionex - Advantages Corporate IC Focus Large Installed Base Many Applications Developed Approved Methods (E.P.A.) Complete IC Product Offering Proprietary Suppressor Technology Protected Market

116 Dionex - Disadvantages Gouge Customers Single Expertise - Not good at other fields Not very flexible Poor Service

117 Transgenomic Strategy Offer the IC customer a compatible replacement for his Dionex column at a lower cost

118 Cetac Column Dionex Compatible ICSep AN2 ICSep AN1 ICSep AN1-SC ICSep AN300 ICSep AN300B ICSep ANSC ICSep CN2 IonPac AS14 IonPac AS11/AS12 IonPac AS11/AS12 IonPac AS4A IonPac AS9-HC IonPac AS4A-SC IonPac CS3

119 Transgenomic - Advantages Compatible Selectivities Superior Fluoride Retention Covalently Bound Surface Chemistries - Long Life Lower Cost Employ Guard Disc to provide added protection

120 Covalent and Pellicular Anion Exchangers

121 Covalent Anion Exchangers May Have Pores ( holes ) or be NonPorous All ion exchange groups attached covalently to the surface of the bead Porous NonPorous

122 Characteristics of Covalent IC Resins Larger surface area for porous Higher Capacity Covalently bound (grafted) functional groups Can control exclusion of molecules by pore size Lower column pressures Can be used for both anion and cation columns

123 Pellicular Anion Exchangers Latex microspheres ionically attached to sulfonated core Ion exchange groups on the surface of the latex microbead Latex Microsphere NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 + PS/DVB NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 +

124 Characteristics of Pellicular IC Resins All interactions are on the surface of the microbead High efficiency from small microspheres Use larger beads for less backpressure Less secondary interactions Core bead sulfonated, latex ionically attached

125 Benefits of Covalent and Pellicular Anion Exchangers

126 Covalent Anion Exchangers

127 Advantages of Covalent Ion Exchangers Higher capacity - can handle very dirty samples More rugged and will last longer - covalently bound chemistries won t come off Easily cleaned Fluoride can be retained Can take advantage of surface interactions Less hardware requirements - lower running pressures

128 isadvantages of Covalent Ion Exchanger Materials can hide in pores More surface interactions - nitrate/iodide tails Must use smaller particles for high efficiency

129 Anions on a Cetac AN1-SC ICSep AN1SC Column Fluoride Retained 2 3 Nitrate Tails Response (mv) Time

130 Pellicular Anion Exchangers

131 Advantages of Pellicular Ion Exchangers High Efficiency - Sharper Peaks Less surface interaction - Nitrate tailing minimal Use larger core bead for less backpressure

132 Disadvantages of Pellicular Ion Exchangers Fluoride not easily retained Susceptible to metals contamination - phosphate results inconsistent Lower capacities - trouble with dirty samples Ionically bound chemistries - shorter column lifetime Can contaminate irreversibly

133 Anions on a Dionex AS4A-SC Fluoride not retained 7 Anions on a Dionex AS4A Less Nitrate Tailing µs

134 Comparison of Efficiency Loss from Metal Contamination Efficiency AN1-SC AS

135 Reason Latex microspheres ionically attached to sulfonated core Metals bind Ion Exchange Sites Irreversibly Cu +2 SO 3 - SO 3 - PS/DVB NR 3 + SO 3 - SO 3 - Cu +2 Cu +2 NR 3 + NR 3 + NR + 3 NR + 3 NR 3 + NR + 3 NR + 3 NR 3 + NR 3 + NR 3 +

136 Selling Hints Target Dionex customers with Clone approach ALWAYS recommend a guard cartridge Cetac Columns designed to Last Longer Promote compatible separation at lower cost Focus on Cetac specialty - Inorganic Analysis Highlight New Chemistries provide better separation

137 Minutes Comparison Cetac AN2 & the Dionex AS14 Response Fluoride 2. Acetate 8 3. Chloride Nitrite 7 5. Bromide 6. Nitrate 7. Phosphate 8. Sulfate Time µs Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate

138 Comparison Cetac AN1 & the Dionex AS12 Response (mv) Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate µs Time Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate

139 Comparison Cetac ANSC & Dionex AS4A-SC 2 Conductivity Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate µs Time Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate

140 Comparison Cetac AN300 & Dionex AS4A Conductivity Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate µs Minutes Fluoride 2. Chloride 3. Nitrite 4. Bromide 5. Nitrate 6. Phosphate 7. Sulfate

141 Comparison Cetac AN300B & Dionex A9HC Conductivity Fluoride 2. Chlorite 3. Bromate 4. Chloride 5. Nitrite 6. Chlorate 7. Nitrate 8. Bromide 9. Phosphate 10. Sulfate µs Time Fluoride 2. Chlorite 3. Bromate 4. Chloride 5. Nitrite 6. Phosphate 7. Bromide 8. Chlorate 9. Nitrate 10. Sulfate

142 Competitive Positioning and Analysis Life Science Products

143 Life Science Position Transgenomic supplies polymeric chromatography products which provide superior solutions for target biological applications

144 Summary: Focus on the development of superior columns for niche applications for the life science market place

145 Conclusion

146 IC Product Positioning Cetac Technologies Offers a Complete Line of Chromatography Columns that Provide Superior Solutions for the Analysis of Ionic Species at a lower cost than Competitive Alternatives

147 Life Science Product Position Transgenomic supplies polymeric chromatography products which provide superior solutions for target biological applications