SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENT SD-7 FOR PART IIIB - Methods of Analysis/Analytical Scheme for Identification of Drugs or Chemicals

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1 SUPPLEMENTL DOUMENT SD-7 FOR PRT III - Methods of nalysis/nalytical Scheme for Identification of Drugs or hemicals onstruction of an nalytical Scheme Table of ontents Purpose... 2 Definition... 2 Introduction... 2 Examples of Selected Schemes... 3 #1: G-MS (ategory + )... 3 #2: G-MS (ategory + )... 4 #3: G-MS (ategory + )... 4 #4: TR-FTIR (ategory ) + olor test (ategory )... 5 #5: TR-FTIR (ategory ) + olor test (ategory )... 5 #6: High-resolution Raman (ategory ) + olor test (ategory )... 6 Question #6: an I use a handheld Raman as a ategory test in Question 6?... 7 #7: Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) (ategory ) with Direct nalysis in Real Time (DRT) ionization + G-FID (ategory )... 7 Question #7: Would a DRT-MS/MS have the same limitations as the DRT-TOFMS in Question 7?... 8 #7: G-FTIR (ategory + ategory )... 8 #8: Pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ) + G-FID (ategory ) + TL (ategory )... 8 #8: Pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ) + G-MS (ategory + )... 9 #8: Pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ) + L UV Diode rray Detector (DD) (ategory + )... 9 #9: Macroscopic examination (ategory ) + Microscopic examination (ategory ) + olor test (ategory ) Question #9: Would all of the tests in the selected scheme for Question 9 be necessary if the analysis was performed by a trained botanist? #10: G-MS (ategory + ) #11: L-ESI-MS (ategory + ) + olor Test (ategory ) #12: L-MS/MS (ategory + ) Revised ugust 4, 2018

Purpose The purpose of this supplemental document is to provide guidance on the construction of appropriate analytical schemes as required by SWGDRUG Recommendations

Introduction The following minimum requirements are necessary for a scientifically supported conclusion: If a ategory technique is used, then at least one other

ategory to achieve a sufficiently high degree of selectivity.

2 Purpose The purpose of this supplemental document is to provide guidance on the construction of appropriate analytical schemes as required by SWGDRUG Recommendations Part III. Definition n analytical scheme is a combination of selected techniques used to reach a scientifically supported conclusion. Introduction The following minimum requirements are necessary for a scientifically supported conclusion: If a ategory technique is used, then at least one other technique from either ategory, or is required; If a ategory technique is not used, then at least three separate techniques are required, two of which must be from ategory to achieve a sufficiently high degree of selectivity. The chosen techniques must achieve the appropriate level of selectivity for their respective categories (see Figure 1) ategory (Molecular Structure Information) ategory (Specific hemical or Physical haracteristics) ategory (Non-specific hemical or Physical haracteristics) Figure 1 Levels of Selectivity Revised ugust 4, 2018

3 hyphenated technique (e.g. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy) may be considered as two separate techniques within the analytical scheme provided the criteria for positive results are fulfilled for both techniques. When using a hyphenated technique, the analyst is not precluded from using only one of the two results produced. When only two tests are performed and the results originate from the use of a hyphenated technique, quality practices such as those described in PRT III.5.2 are required. Where any selected technique does not achieve the intended level of selectivity, then the analytical scheme may require additional techniques in order to provide a scientifically supported conclusion. Note: Throughout the following examples, it is assumed that the laboratory is utilizing validated methods and employing quality practices to ensure the results correspond to the sample tested. Examples of these practices include: removing two aliquots from the sample and testing them independently; employing sample identification procedures such as bar-coding and witness checks; using good laboratory practices (e.g., positive and negative controls, one sample opened at a time, procedural blanks). Examples of Selected Schemes Question #1: Does the sample contain heroin? Selected Scheme #1: G-MS (ategory + ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment Retention time (t R ) of analyte peak G is heroin reference heroin Spectrum of analyte is consistent MS (EI) Heroin with heroin reference ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of G (ategory ) and MS (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains heroin. Revised ugust 4, 2018

4 Question #2: Does the sample contain ephedrine or pseudoephedrine? Scheme Selected #2: G-MS (ategory + ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment ephedrine, G pseudoephedrine, pseudoephedrine reference or a mixture of both MS (EI) Spectrum of analyte is pseudoephedrine reference Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or a mixture of both ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. Even though the scheme does not allow the discrimination between ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, the data from G (ategory ) and MS (ategory ) provide a scientifically supported conclusion to the question asked and, therefore, the scheme is fit for purpose. onclusion: The sample contains ephedrine/pseudoephedrine. Question #3: Does the sample contain ephedrine? Note the difference from Question 2 above: now, ephedrine specifically has to be identified, rather than identification of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine. Scheme Selected #3: G-MS (ategory + ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment ephedrine ephedrine,, selectivity for reference and G pseudoephedrine, stereoisomer not indistinguishable from or a mixture of achieved pseudoephedrine reference both MS (EI) L Spectrum of analyte is ephedrine reference. Structural information is provided, but it is indistinguishable from pseudoephedrine reference ephedrine reference and distinguishable from Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or a mixture of both ephedrine, selectivity for stereoisomer not achieved Revised ugust 4, 2018

5 pseudoephedrine reference ssessment: The selected scheme of G-MS (ategory + ategory ) was sufficient to identify ephedrine/pseudoephedrine, but did not specifically identify ephedrine as required. lthough the mass spectrum provided structural information, the information was insufficient to differentiate between stereoisomers. nother test (L - ategory ) was necessary to obtain the selectivity to differentiate the two compounds in question. The enhanced scheme provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains ephedrine. Question #4: Does the crystalline sample contain methamphetamine? Scheme Selected #4: TR-FTIR (ategory ) + olor test (ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment Spectrum TR-FTIR methamphetamine Hl reference Methamphetamine Hl olor Test Positive color change Indicates methamphetamine or methamphetamine Hl related compounds reference ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of TR-FTIR (ategory ) and color test (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question In addition, the TR-FTIR provided salt form information, which was not part of the question. onclusion: The sample contains methamphetamine. Question #5: Does the powder sample contain methamphetamine? Scheme Selected #5: TR-FTIR (ategory ) + olor test (ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment Mixed spectrum with Did not achieve the TR-FTIR few significant required level of Inconclusive peaks attributable to selectivity/structural methamphetamine information Revised ugust 4, 2018

6 olor Test G MS (EI) Positive color change consistent with methamphetamine Hl reference methamphetamine Hl reference Spectrum of analyte is methamphetamine Hl reference Indicates methamphetamine or related compounds methamphetamine Methamphetamine ssessment: The selected scheme of the TR-FTIR (ategory ) and olor Test (ategory ) was insufficient to identify methamphetamine, but did provide information on the class of compounds (an amphetamine). The TR-FTIR did not provide suitable structural information, so another test (MS - ategory ) was chosen. In addition, the hyphenated G-MS test provided retention time information to further support the conclusion. The enhanced scheme provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains methamphetamine. Question #6: Does the powder sample contain cocaine? Scheme Selected #6: High-resolution Raman (ategory ) + olor test (ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment High-resolution Raman spectroscopy Spectrum consistent with cocaine Hl reference ocaine Hl olor test Positive color change cocaine Hl reference Indicates cocaine or other related compounds ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of high-resolution Raman spectroscopy (ategory ) and color test (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question In addition, Revised ugust 4, 2018

7 the high-resolution Raman spectroscopy provided salt form information, which was not part of the question. onclusion: The sample contains cocaine. Question #6: an I use a handheld Raman as a ategory test in Question 6? nswer: Yes, but the handheld Raman would have to be assessed and validated for this purpose to ensure that the resolution and spectral range provide sufficient structural information to achieve the selectivity requirement of a ategory technique. In addition, ategory techniques are required to have reviewable data. Question #7: Does the sample contain methcathinone? Scheme Selected #7: Time-of-flight mass spectrometry with Direct nalysis in Real Time ionization (DRT-TOFMS) (ategory ) + G-FID (ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment [M+H] + ion (no Does not achieve the MS fragmentation) required level of (DRT- methcathinone selectivity/structural TOFMS) methcathinone information reference G-FID G-MS (EI) methcathinone reference Spectrum of analyte is methcathinone reference methcathinone Methcathinone ssessment: The selected scheme of MS (DRT-TOFMS) (ategory ) and G-FID (ategory ) was insufficient to identify methcathinone. The G-FID provided retention time information, but the DRT-TOFMS did not provide fragmentation (structural information). The MS (DRT-TOFMS) test only provides the selectivity of a ategory technique (based on separation by mass) and further testing with either ategory, or is required. In this example, a ategory (G-MS (EI)) technique was chosen. The retention time from the hyphenated G-MS test was not used. The enhanced scheme provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains methcathinone Revised ugust 4, 2018

8 Question #7: Would a DRT-MS/MS have the same limitations as the DRT- TOFMS in Question 7? nswer: No. DRT-MS/MS has the potential for increased selectivity by allowing for a selected precursor ion to be isolated and then individually fragmented, providing structural information for the analyte. The DRT-MS/MS would have to be assessed and validated for this purpose to ensure that the fragmentation provides sufficient structural information to achieve the selectivity requirement of a ategory technique. DRT-MS/MS differs from DRT-TOFMS with in-source fragmentation. In DRT- TOFMS with in-source fragmentation, the precursor ion cannot be selected in advance and the resulting fragmentation spectrum is a mixture of fragments of simultaneously generated precursor and fragment ions. Scheme Selected #7: G-FTIR (ategory + ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment G consistent with methcathinone reference methcathinone Spectrum FTIR methcathinone reference Methcathinone ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of G (ategory ) and FTIR (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains methcathinone. Question #8: Does the pharmaceutical preparation contain a controlled substance? Scheme Selected #8: Pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ) + G-FID (ategory ) + TL (ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment ppearance consistent Indicates Pharmaceutical with a pharmaceuticalgrade amphetamine amphetamine identifier sulfate tablet sulfate tablet G-FID amphetamine reference amphetamine Revised ugust 4, 2018

9 TL R f of analyte is consistent with amphetamine reference amphetamine ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of pharmaceutical identifiers (ategory ), G-FID (ategory ), and TL (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question asked and, therefore, is fit for purpose. onclusion: The sample contains a controlled substance identified as amphetamine. Scheme Selected #8: Pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ) + G-MS (ategory + ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment Not product Pharmaceutical any known identifier pharmaceutical Inconclusive - G MS (EI) MS (EI) oncentrate sample fentanyl reference Spectrum of analyte is too weak to provide sufficient information Spectrum of analyte is fentanyl reference onsistent with fentanyl Inconclusive Fentanyl Did not achieve the required level of selectivity/structural information ssessment: The selected scheme of pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ), G-MS (ategory + ) was insufficient to identify fentanyl. The pharmaceutical identifier proved inconclusive, the mass spectrum did not provide sufficient sensitivity to obtain structural information, but the G provided retention time information. The MS test was repeated after resampling and concentrating the sample. The enhanced scheme provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains fentanyl. Scheme Selected #8: Pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ) + L UV/Vis Diode rray Detector (DD) (ategory + ) Revised ugust 4, 2018

10 ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment ppearance Pharmaceutical Indicates a pharmaceutical-grade identifier oxycodone oxycodone tablet L UV/Vis (DD) oxycodone reference Spectrum oxycodone reference oxycodone oxycodone ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of pharmaceutical identifier (ategory ), L (ategory ), and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (full spectrum) (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains oxycodone. Question #9: Does the sample contain cannabis? Scheme Selected #9: Macroscopic examination (ategory ) + Microscopic examination (ategory ) + olor test (ategory ). Note that the laboratory does not have access to a trained botanist, so the identification will be conducted by a drug chemist. ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment Macroscopic haracteristic morphological examination features of cannabis observed cannabis Microscopic haracteristic microscopic examination features of cannabis observed cannabis olor test Positive color change consistent Indicates with cannabinoids (e.g., TH, cannabinoids D,N) ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of macroscopic examination (ategory ), microscopic examination (ategory ), and color test (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question asked and is, therefore, fit for purpose. onclusion: The sample contains cannabis. Revised ugust 4, 2018

11 Question #9: Would all of the tests in the selected scheme for Question 9 be necessary if the analysis was performed by a trained botanist? nswer: No. If the analysis was performed by a trained botanist, analysis of the morphological characteristics of cannabis following an established botanical analytical scheme is sufficient to provide a scientifically supported conclusion to the question asked. Therefore, the color test in Scheme 9 would not be necessary. Question #10: an 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MM) be identified in a sample without reference s? Note that known isomers of 4-MM include 2- and 3-MM. Scheme Selected #10: G-MS (ategory + ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment G No comparison possible due to lack of reference s Inconclusive - Spectrum MM reference spectra in MM, MS (EI) the SWGDRUG library. From although no the structural information isomer provided, it is not possible to information identify the positional isomer NMR Spectrum 4- MM from SWGDRUG monograph, and distinguishable from 2- and 3-MM from SWGDRUG monographs 4-MM ssessment: The selected scheme of G (ategory ) and MS (ategory ) was insufficient to identify 4-MM. s no reference s are available for comparison, the retention time from G cannot be used toward the identification. lthough the mass spectrum is the MM reference spectrum in the SWGDRUG library, there is insufficient information to determine the specific isomer. Therefore, another test (NMR - ategory ) was chosen to identify the isomer. The enhanced scheme provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains 4-methylmethcathinone. (For reporting guidance, see PRTS IV and IV 2.2.2) Question #11: Does the sample contain psilocin? Revised ugust 4, 2018

12 Scheme Selected #11: L-ESI-MS (ategory + ) + olor Test (ategory ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment onsistent L psilocin with psilocin reference MS (ESI) olor test [M+H] + ion (no fragmentation) psilocin reference Positive color change psilocin onsistent with psilocin Indicates psilocin Did not achieve the required level of selectivity/structural information ssessment: The selected scheme of L-ESI-MS (ategory + ategory ) and olor Test (ategory ) was sufficient to identify psilocin. The MS (ESI) test did not provide the required ategory structural information, but it did provide the selectivity of a ategory technique (based on separation by mass). The scheme of L (ategory ), ESI-MS ([M+H] + only - ategory ), and a color test (ategory ) provided a scientifically supported conclusion to the question asked and, therefore, was fit for purpose. onclusion: The sample contains psilocin. Question #12: Does the sample contain psilocybin? Scheme Selected #12: L-MS/MS (ategory + ) ategory Technique Result onclusion ssessment L psilocybin psilocybin reference MS/MS Fragmentation spectrum psilocybin reference Psilocybin sufficient structural information now available ssessment: Each technique achieves the level of selectivity required of its category and the positive test results corroborate each other. The scheme of L (ategory ) and MS/MS (ategory ) provides a scientifically supported conclusion to the question onclusion: The sample contains psilocybin. Revised ugust 4, 2018

PART III B METHODS OF ANALYSIS/ANALYTICAL SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OR CHEMICALS

PART III B METHODS OF ANALYSIS/ANALYTICAL SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OR CHEMICALS The purpose of PART III B is to recommend minimum requirements for the forensic identification of seized drugs