Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science. Erin Shonsey, PhD Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences February 25, Overview

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1 Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science Erin Shonsey, PhD Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences February 25, 2010 Overview Introduction to forensic sciences Traditional techniques in the lab New technology in the lab Why expand the capabilities beyond what is currently accepted? 1

Introduction to Forensic Sciences Forensic Sciences is defined as: the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system.

2 Introduction to Forensic Sciences Forensic Sciences is defined as: the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system. Introduction to Forensic Sciences Typical analytical sections within a forensic science laboratory: Drug Chemistry Analysis of pills, powders, liquids, plant materials, and other suspicious items for illegal drug content Toxicology Analysis of biological samples for alcohol, prescription medication, drugs of abuse, and other chemicals that are not naturally occurring in the body Biology Extraction and amplification of DNA from biological fluids for identification Firearms Microscopic examination of uniquely identifying marks left behind in the tooling process Fire Debris -- Identification of ignitable liquids residues in fire debris samples 2

3 Standards for Accepting the Scientific Validity of a Procedure, Technique, and Principle Alabama Frye standard: the court must decide if the questioned procedure, technique, and principles are generally accepted by a relevant community Federal Rule 702: a witness qualified as an expert may testify in the form of an opinion Federal Daubert: Has it been tested? Has it been published and peer reviewed? Potential rate of error Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the techniques operation Accepted in the relevant scientific community Typical Flow Chart for Case Analysis Powder Starting Material Weigh Sample Color test/ Microcrystal test Screening Method GC/MS and/or FTIR Confirmatory Method 3

Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science Traditionally, a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer is the final tool used in the analysis of drug chemistry and toxicology samples for identification

4 Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science Traditionally, a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer is the final tool used in the analysis of drug chemistry and toxicology samples for identification and confirmation. The Hoover Laboratory has 40 analysts, 12 of which work in either chemistry or toxicology. There are 9 GC-MS in the lab. Typical forms of Mass Spectrometry in Most Forensic Science Laboratories Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 4

identify every peak in the Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) A standard is analyzed on the

5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Spectrum Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Spectrum Spectra are searched against a library of known compounds in an effort to identify every peak in the Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) A standard is analyzed on the instrument to generate a known retention time and spectrum of the compound for that instrument 5

$Apply fractions to DEAE column 60 L cultu re DEAE column Grow at 37 C for 4 hr Add IPTG, grow for$ 2-4h Elute with salt gradient and check purity Lys e cells Spin at 140, 000 xg for 30 min Mkr.

2-4h Elute with salt gradient and check purity Lys e cells Spin at 140, 000 xg for 30 min Mkr.

Nordiazepam A heat labile compound could be misidentified as a related compound due to the

the Alabama Department of Forensic Science Work with new technology/methods Troubleshoot existing

6 Overnig ht cultures Grow at 37 C for 18 h Remove supernatant Apply to Chromatofocus ing column Apply fractions to DEAE column 60 L cultu re DEAE column Grow at 37 C for 4 hr Add IPTG, grow for 2-4h Elute with salt gradient and check purity Lys e cells Spin at 140, 000 xg for 30 min Mkr. C FT E h B A T Purity Gel 2/22/2012 Disadvantage of using GC/MS for chemical analysis Clorazepate Nordiazepam A heat labile compound could be misidentified as a related compound due to the necessary high temperature in GC-MS analysis Example: Clorazepate to Nordiazepam Current Role in the Alabama Department of Forensic Science Work with new technology/methods Troubleshoot existing methods and instrumentation Conduct research independently and through collaborations Provide technical training 6

New Technology at the Alabama Department of Forensic Science (ADFS) ADFS has four instruments that expand the capabilities beyond traditional methodologies. 1. AccuTOF-DART mass spectrometer 2.

7 New Technology at the Alabama Department of Forensic Science (ADFS) ADFS has four instruments that expand the capabilities beyond traditional methodologies. 1. AccuTOF-DART mass spectrometer QTRAP mass spectrometer with LC QTRAP mass spectrometer with DART 4. Head Space-GC-MSD Different forms of Mass Spectrometry Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) Sample solution Gas -5 KV Atmospheric pressure N 2 Collision gas Q1 Q2 Q3 Detector Vacuum Courtesy of S. Barnes 7

Barnes HeadSpace-GC-MSD This instrument provides the opportunity for qualitative and quantitative identification of volatile compounds

8 Different forms of Mass Spectrometry Direct Analysis in Real Time with Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry N 2 TOF detector Electrostatic reflector Courtesy of S. Barnes HeadSpace-GC-MSD This instrument provides the opportunity for qualitative and quantitative identification of volatile compounds Traditionally volatile compounds are analyzed with a GC/FID instrument GC/FID instruments rely solely on retention time for identification HS-GC-MS instruments have the added benefit of including mass spectrometry data to the retention time data 8

9 TIC of Volatiles Mix Information obtained using GC-FID analysis. GC-FID spectrum HS-GC-MS spectrum HS-GC-MS provides an extra layer of confirmation by providing a mass spectrum of detected compounds 1.44 min 9

Why do we want to use this new technology?

technique that uses a different detector, which increases the level of confidence in the results Peaks at

of only 1 other state forensic science lab with this technology AccuTOF-DART MS The DART is the first open

10 Why do we want to use this new technology? GC-FID is widely accepted in the field for quantification of a variety of compounds HS-GC-MS provides a technique that uses a different detector, which increases the level of confidence in the results Peaks at unknown retention times now have a corresponding mass spectrum for identification purposes Currently know of only 1 other state forensic science lab with this technology AccuTOF-DART MS The DART is the first open air, ambient ion source for a mass spectrometer When coupled to a time of flight instrument, exact mass measurements can be used in the putative identification of compounds 10

11 DART Ionization Penning ionization: energy is transferred from metastable ions (M*) Positive ions: He* ionizes water which transfers a proton to the sample Negative ions: Penning electrons are rapidly thermalized and captured by oxygen which ionizes the sample onmechanisms/tabid/450/default.aspx Real Time Sample Analysis with the AccuTOF-DART MS Efficient screening instrument because Mass accuracy allows matches within 5 mmu of the theoretical mass of a compound when calibration is performed within the analysis No extraction is required for sample analysis Raw samples are the preferred sample High-throughput Typical analysis time for a sample is 1-2 min 11

12 Types of Samples Analyzed with the AccuTOF-DART MS Sample Introduction with the AccuTOF-DART MS Liquid samples are introduced with a glass capillary tube closed at one end Solid samples are introduced into the stream with tweezers 12

Sample Introduction with the AccuTOF-DART MS x 10 3 Intensity ( 1696474 ) Every sampling device is analyzed for contamination prior to use. 1. 46 1500 0. 85 1. 58 1000 0. 30 0. 40 1. 15 1. 03 1.

13 Sample Introduction with the AccuTOF-DART MS x 10 3 Intensity ( ) Every sampling device is analyzed for contamination prior to use Time [ min ] Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) MS[1]; ; / ESI+ / 09MB A x10 3 Intensity (10624) Every spectrum undergoes internal calibration with polyethylene glycol. 13

14 MS[1]; ; / ESI+ / karimushroom x10 3 Intensity (141320) Mushroom m/z TIC[1]; / ESI+ / karimushroom x10 6 Intensity ( ) Time[min] MS File: F:\BIRMINGHAM LAB.7pj\ \mushroom.jsp Search File: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\DRUGS_NEUTRAL_MASSES.xls Mass tolerance (mmu): 5 Threshold (%): 5 Date: 03-Apr-09 Time: 07:24 AM Name Neutral Comp. Meas. Calc. Diff(u) Abund. Isobutyl Nitrite C4H9NO x Nicotinic Acid C6H5NO x Bufotenine C12H16N2O H MeO-AMT C12H16N2O x Psilocin C12H16N2O

15 Methamphetamine Lab Liquid MS[1]; ; / ESI+ / 09JV x10 3 Intensity (15914) m/z TIC[1]; / ESI+ / 09JV x10 3 Intensity ( ) Time[min] MS File: F:\VALIDATION.7pj\ \09JV jsp Search File: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\DRUGS_NEUTRAL_MASSES.xls Mass tolerance (mmu): 5 Threshold (%): 20. Date: 03-Apr-09 Time: 08:31 AM Name Neutral comp. Meas. Calc. Diff(u) Abund. Phentermine C10H15N Methamphetamine C10H15N Phenylpropanolamine C9H13NO PPA01 Cathine (Norpseudoephedrine) C9H13NO X 15

techniques have screened positive with the AccuTOF- DART Compounds that do not have a traditional screening technique available

16 Why do we want to use this new technology? The AccuTOF-DART provides reviewable data for screening of cases Samples that have been negative by traditional screening techniques have screened positive with the AccuTOF- DART Compounds that do not have a traditional screening technique available can be easily analyzed with this instrumentation 3200 QTRAP-DART MS A DART coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole/trap instrument produces molecular ions can be individually fragmented for identification of sample components. 16

17 Plant Material Analyzed with the AccuTOF-DART MS x 10 3 Intensity ( ) m / z Name Neutral comp. Meas. Calc. Diff(u) Abund. Cannabidiol C21H30O Tetrahydrocannibinols C21H30O Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA) Survey Scan (1) Survey Scan (2) Enhanced Resolution Survey scan be EMS, EMC, Neutral Loss, Precursor Scan, MRM or EPI (combinations of 2 surveys) Improve Resolution/Accuracy IDA Criteria Level 1 Two levels of criteria Dependent Scan (s) Dependent Scan (s) Dependent Scan (s) Dependent Scan (s) IDA Criteria Level 2 Add to Exclusion List Multiple dependant scans (EPI, Product Ion and MS3) Inclusion/Exclusion List Second Second Dependent Dependent Scan Scan (s) Second Dependent Scan (s) (s) Second Level Dependant Scan (MS 3 ) Courtesy of Ricky Ciner 17

18 MRM Spectrum of THC 6.3e4 6.0e4 5.5e4 THC 1 THC 2 RATIO % OF STANDARD STANDARD 2.49E E CASE 1.11E E % e4 4.5e e4 Intensity, cps 3.5e4 3.0e4 2.5e4 2.0e4 1.5e4 1.0e Time, min EPI Scan of Ion Transition Pair Intensity, cps 4.8e5 4.6e5 4.4e5 4.2e5 4.0e5 3.8e5 3.6e5 3.4e5 3.2e5 3.0e5 2.8e5 2.6e5 2.4e5 2.2e5 2.0e5 1.8e5 1.6e5 1.4e5 1.2e Total Analysis Time = 5 min Name Fit RevFit Purity CE THC MDMA e e4 6.0e e e m/z, Da 18

19 Clandestine Tablet Analyzed with the AccuTOF-DART MS x 10 3 Intensity ( ) m / z Name Neutral comp. Meas. Calc. Diff(u) Abund. Phentermine C10H15N Methamphetamine C10H15N Benzylpiperazine C11H16N Butamben C11H15NO MDMA C11H15NO TFMPP C11H13F3N Intensity, cps METHAMPHETAMINE 1 METHAMPHETAMINE 2 RATIO % OF STANDARD STANDARD CASE % MDMA 1 MDMA 2 RATIO % OF STANDARD STANDARD CASE % BZP 1 BZP 2 RATIO % OF STANDARD STANDARD CASE % Time, min 19

20 5.2e e5 5.0e4 5.0e4 1.05e5 4.8e4 4.8e4 Analysis Time = 10 min 1.00e5 4.6e4 4.6e4 4.4e4 Name Fit RevFit Purity CE 9.50e4 4.4e4 4.2e4 MDMA e4 4.2e4 4.0e4 METHAMPHETAMINE e4 8.50e4 3.8e4 BZP e4 8.00e4 3.6e4 PHENTERMINE e4 Warfarin e4 3.4e4 Name Fit RevFit Purity CE 3.4e4 PSEUDOEPHEDRINE e4 3.2e4 METHAMPHETAMINE e4 Epinephrine Name Fit RevFit Purity 25 CE 3.0e4 BZP e4 3.0e4 BZP THC PHENTERMINE e4 6.00e4 2.8e4 METHAMPHETAMINE Normetanephrine METH-TPC e4 METH-TPC e4 2.6e4 PHENTERMINE METH-TPC e4 2.4e4 METH-TPC Lorazepam TFMPP e e4 2.2e4 Metanephrine Milrinone e4 2.0e4 2.0e4 Epinephrine e4 1.8e4 1.8e4 3.50e4 1.6e e4 1.4e4 2.50e4 1.2e4 1.0e e e e m/z, Da Intensity, Intensity, cps cps Clandestine Laboratory Samples Analyzed with the DART- QTRAP METHAMPHETAMINE 1 METHAMPHETAMINE 2 RATIO % OF STANDARD STANDARD 2.78E E White Powder 1.51E E % Pen Tube 6.85E E % Aluminum Foil 9.25E E % Aluminum Foil 3.02E E % Rubber Tubing 7.89E E % PSEUDO 1 PSEUDO 2 RATIO % OF STANDARD STANDARD 5.75E E White Powder 5.17E E % White Powder 4.08E E % Pen Tube 5.75E E % Blender 5.94E E % Total Analysis Time for 7 Items = 1 hr Analyst Time for 7 Items = 2 days 20

21 Why do we want to use this new technology? Compound fragmentation is possible without extraction CID fragmentation allows retention of molecular ion in fragmentation spectrum These can be searched against an in house library for identification MRM analysis gives ion ratios for a second level of compound identification in comparison to a standard This can all be accomplished in a single analysis We are the only state forensic science lab with this technology LC-MRM-MS assay for Drug Detection and Quantitation Sample solution Gas -5 KV Atmospheric pressure N 2 Collision gas Q1 Q2 Q3 Detector Vacuum 21

22 LC-ESI-MS/MS Spectrum of Methadone m/z, amu LC-ESI-MRM-MS 310 Collision gas 265 Compound Q1 Q2 Q3 Molecular Weight Parent ion Product ion Dwell Time (msec) Declustering Potential (DP) Collision Energy (CE) Retention Time Alprazolam Amitriptyline Cocaethylene Cocaine Fentanyl Imipramine Mepivacaine Methadone Methamphetamine Oxycodone THC Trazodone pka 22

23 TIC of Standard Mix Retention Order Oxycodone Methamphetamine Mepivacaine Cocaine Cocaethylene Trazodone Fentanyl Imipramine Methadone Amitriptyline Alprazolam THC Time, min New Methods with LC/MS/MS or LC- MRM/MS 5 new methods have been brought online using LC/MS/MS analysis Aldicarb quantification and confirmation in blood and urine Cannabinoid quantification in whole blood Select benzodiazepines quantification in whole blood Zolpidem quantification in whole blood Fentanyl quantification in whole blood 23

Aldicarb and its Metabolites by LC-MS/MS Resulted in 3 new analytes that

quantification for all three compounds was 5.

scientists were trained on the extraction and technology Cannabinoids by

limit of quantification for THC is 1.0 ng/ml, THC-COOH 2.

24 Aldicarb and its Metabolites by LC-MS/MS Resulted in 3 new analytes that can be qualitatively identified and quantified in house The limit of quantification for all three compounds was 5.0 ng/ml Created 1 new section in the Toxicology SOP (TX-SOP-22) 2 scientists were trained on the extraction and technology Cannabinoids by LC-MRM/MS Resulted in 3 new analytes that can be quantified in house The limit of quantification for THC is 1.0 ng/ml, THC-COOH 2.0 ng/ml, and 11-OH-THC 0.5 ng/ml Created 1 new section in the Toxicology SOP (TX-SOP-23) 6 scientists were trained on the extraction and technology 24

Select Benzodiazepines by LC-MRM/MS Resulted in 5 new analytes that can be

of quantification for alprazolam and α-oh-alprazolam is 1.

0 ng/ml Created 1 new section in the Toxicology SOP (TX-SOP-24) 3

in 1 new analyte that can be quantified in house The limit of

25 Select Benzodiazepines by LC-MRM/MS Resulted in 5 new analytes that can be quantified in house and 1 that can be qualitatively identified The limit of quantification for alprazolam and α-oh-alprazolam is 1.0 ng/ml, and clonazepam and lorazepam is 2.0 ng/ml Created 1 new section in the Toxicology SOP (TX-SOP-24) 3 scientists were trained on the extraction Zolpidem by LC-MRM/MS Resulted in 1 new analyte that can be quantified in house The limit of quantification for the analyte was 50 ng/ml Created a new section in the Toxicology SOP (TX-SOP-24) 2 scientists were trained on the extraction 25

methods brought online for either quantification or qualitative identification 14 new analytes can now be analyzed in house 3 additions to the

26 Fentanyl by LC-MRM/MS Resulted in 1 new analyte that can be quantified in house The limit of quantification for the analyte was 0.1 ng/ml Added to an existing section in the Toxicology SOP (TX- SOP-24) 2 scientists were trained on the extraction LC-MRM/MS Summary 5 new methods brought online for either quantification or qualitative identification 14 new analytes can now be analyzed in house 3 additions to the Toxicology SOP to encompass the new methods 6 scientists trained on either extractions or the new technology 345+ total cases reported with these methods 26

27 Why do we want to use this new technology? GC-MS is the traditional instrument for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs; however, there are limitations for its use LC-ESI-MS can also be used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in toxicological specimens Many of the analytes brought online were not analyzable using GC-MS Sensitivity Sample elution Summary Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in a forensic science lab New instrumentation is expanding the capability of chemical analysis in the forensic lab to include improved detection as well as increased variety in sample types No one technique is robust enough for everything, therefore a combination of techniques are ideal for screening and confirmation of drug and toxicology samples 27

28 Conclusion Our goal is not to keep up with the forensic science community but to continue to lead the development and implementation of new methods and technology across the disciplines. Acknowledgements UAB Stephen Barnes, PhD Marion Kirk Ray Moore Matthew Renfrow, PhD Landon Wilson Tracy D Alessandro, PhD ADFS Mike Sparks Dale Carpenter, PhD Rod Kennette Andrea Headrick Jack Kalin, PhD 28

29 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) MS[1]; ; / ESI+ / 09MB A x10 3 Intensity (10624) Every spectrum undergoes internal calibration with polyethylene glycol. MS[1]; ; / ESI+ / karimushroom x10 3 Intensity (141320) Mushroom m/z TIC[1]; / ESI+ / karimushroom x10 6 Intensity ( ) Time[min] 29

30 MS File: F:\BIRMINGHAM LAB.7pj\ \mushroom.jsp Search File: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\DRUGS_NEUTRAL_MASSES.xls Mass tolerance (mmu): 5 Threshold (%): 5 Date: 03-Apr-09 Time: 07:24 AM Name Neutral comp. Meas. Calc. Diff(u) Abund. Isobutyl Nitrite C4H9NO X Nicotinic Acid C6H5NO X Bufotenine C12H16N2O H MeO-AMT C12H16N2O X Psilocin C12H16N2O Meth Lab Liquid MS[1]; ; / ESI+ / 09JV x10 3 Intensity (15914) m/z TIC[1]; / ESI+ / 09JV x10 3 Intensity ( ) Time[min] 30

31 MS File: F:\VALIDATION.7pj\ \09JV jsp Search File: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\DRUGS_NEUTRAL_MASSES.xls Mass tolerance (mmu): 5 Threshold (%): 20. Date: 03-Apr-09 Time: 08:31 AM Name Neutral comp. Meas. Calc. Diff(u) Abund. Phentermine C10H15N PHE07 Methamphetamine C10H15N MAA28 Phenylpropanolamine C9H13NO PPA01 Cathine (Norpseudoephedrine) C9H13NO X LC-ESI-MS/MS Spectrum of Methadone m/z, amu

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