Drug-Control Laws. CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E. PRENTICE HALL 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcription

1 Drug-Control Laws By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

2 Drug-Control Laws Controlled substances act Five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances on the basis of a drug s: 1. Potential for abuse 2. Potential for physical and psychological dependence 3. Medical value By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

3 Schedules of Classification Schedule I High potential for abuse No currently accepted medical use Examples: heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, LSD Schedule II High potential for abuse Medical use with severe restrictions Examples: cocaine, PCP, most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

4 Schedule II Drugs By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

5 Schedules of Classification Schedule III Less potential for abuse Currently accepted medical use Examples: all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under schedule II, codeine, anabolic steroids Schedule IV Low potential for abuse Current medical use Examples: darvon, phenobarbital, some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium) By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

6 Schedule III & IV Drugs By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

7 Schedules of Classification Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Examples: opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

8 Illegal Vs. Illicit Illegal: against the law: Ex) Heroin Illicit: legal but not using for the intended purpose: EX) Vicodin is used for pain management. It is illicit if someone uses it to get high instead of for controlling pain By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

9 Drugs Chemicals Physical and Chemical Properties Physical Property: Density, color, texture Chemical Property: How it reacts with other types of matter Every drug has an active chemical that has unique physical and chemical properties By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

10 Preliminary Analysis: Chromatography Thin layer R f or retention time comparisons Mixture or pure substance? By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

11 Mixtures & Compounds Mixture Two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined. Examples of mixtures... Air mixture of gases Bowl of cereal mixture of cereal and milk Soda pop mixture of soda syrup, water, and CO2 gas Fog water suspended in air Kool-Aid mixture of water, sugar, and flavor crystals Compounds Two or more elements that are chemically combined. Examples of compounds... Salt Sodium and chlorine combined chemically Water Hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically Carbon Dioxide Carbon and oxygen combined chemically

12 Solutions Solutions are mixtures in which one substance is dissolved in another. Solutions have two parts: solute and solvent The solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving Identify the solute and solvent in each solution... Solution Solute Solvent Lemonade Soda pop Ocean water Solubility - A measure of how much of a given substance will dissolve in a liquid. A substance that does not dissolve in water is called insoluble. A substance that does dissolve in water is called soluble.

13 Paper Chromatography Lab Obtain the supplies you ll need. 1 large beaker (or plastic cup) 1 small beaker (or plastic cup) filled with water 4 pieces of filter paper 4 black markers for testing 4 small pieces of masking tape Pencil (to attach to the top of the filter paper) Permanent marker Timer Write the pen number on a piece of masking tape with a permanent marker and place it at the top of the strip. Choose one of the testing markers and draw a thick line near the bottom of the filter paper - about ¼ inch from the bottom. Pour a small amount of water into the large cup and then hang the paper strip in the cup. Make sure the ink line does not touch the water only the bottom of the filter paper. Allow the water to move up the paper for 5 minutes and then remove the strip from the water. Hang it on the side of the table to dry. Follow these directions to test the other pens. Pencil Filter Paper Ink Mark Tape Label with marker

14 Complete the chart on your worksheet and then answer the questions. Questions: What colors did your group observe in each of the black ink samples? Do the colors occur in the same order on all the samples? Explain. Did some ink samples not work? Why?

15 Definitions Stationary Phase: Coated Chromatography Paper Mobile Phase: Solvent that carries sample up the stationary phase

16 Preparing the plate

17 Spotting the Plate

18 Developing a Plate

19 Analyzing the Results

20 By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

21 Drug Identification By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

22 IR graph of cocaine By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

23 Mass Spec of heroin By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

24 Myth You can put any drug straight into any machine and the machine will tell you the identity of the drug By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

25 Reality Chemists have to spend time extracting the chemical from the sample before confirming the identification The time and costs of extraction and running a sample to make a positive identification is very time consuming and very costly Chemists must narrow down the list of possibilities before running a confirmation costly test By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

26 Drug Identification Select analytical procedures that will ensure a specific identification of a drug Two phases Screening test Nonspecific and preliminary in nature Reduce the possibilities to a manageable number Confirmation test Single test that specifically identifies a substance By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

27 Procedure Run a standard (a known positive) Why run a standard? Make sure the test is working properly Run the sample Negative result Test for other drugs Positive result Run a confirmation test By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

28 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Marquis (Marq) Purple: heroin, morphine, other opiods Orange-brown: amphetamines, metamphetamine By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

29 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Dillie-Koppany (D-K) Violet-blue: barbituates By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

30 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Duquenois-Levine (D-L) Pink/Purple in chloroform layer: marijuana By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

31 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests ERL Blue-purple: LSD By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

32 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Cobalt thiocyanate (CO) Cocaine Blue By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

33 False Positives Sometimes a color test can give a false positive Chemicals can mimic drugs Contamination can occur By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

34 Confirmational Determination After preliminary analysis Specific test to identify drug substance Excludes of all other known chemical substances Infrared spectrophotometry Mass spectrometry By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

35 Confirmational Determination: Spectrophotometry IR Fingerprint of compound Yields positive identity By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

36 IR graph for ethanol By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

37 Mass Spectra By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

38 Spectroscopy Spectroscopy the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter Spectrophotometer an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

39 Concentration: Color Spectrophotometry Which one is more concentrated? By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

40 Color Spectrophotometry uses colors of visible light By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

41 Wavelengths of visible light By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

42 Setting the wavelength of your spectrophotometer By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

43 Procedure Determine the correct wavelength for your spectrophotometer Record the absorption of several different known concentrations Create a graph of absorption vs concentration for your known samples Extrapolate the concentration of your known from the graph By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

44 By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

45 Collection & Preservation of Drug Evidence By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ

46 Collection and Preservation Properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory Package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross-contamination Marked with information to establish the chain of custody By Richard Saferstein Upper Saddle River, NJ