CHEMICAL SEPARATION EXPERIMENT 2
|
|
- Gabriel Philip Craig
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHEMICAL SEPARATION EXPERIMENT 2 INTRODUCTION The term analysis in chemistry usually refer to the quantitative and qualitative determination of the components of a sample. Qualitative refering to the identity of each component, quantitative to the amount. Prior to both determinations, a separation of the components usually has to be done. There are several methods of separation, one of the most widely used is called chromatography. A typical chromatographic system would consist in a tube filled with a fine powder (like silica gel), through which the sample to separate is carried by a solvent. In chromatographic terminology, the tube is called a column, the powder stationary phase, the progression of the sample components elution, and the solvent mobile phase or vector phase. Separation occurs because the components elute through the column at different rate, depending on their affinity for the stationary phase versus their affinity for the mobile phase. The stronger the affinity for the stationary phase, the slower the progression of the component. The affinity depends on the physical and chemical properties of the individual components. THEORY Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is one type of chromatography where the stationary phase is a thin layer of adsorbent particles deposited on a solid plate. In this experiment, the plate is made of polyester coated with a mm thick layer of silica gel A small amount of the sample to separate is spotted (applied) on a line drawn near the bottom of the plate. The plate is then placed standing in a developping chamber (Figure 1), containing a smal amount of the mobile phase, to wet only a few mm of the plate, below the line. The solvent is drawn up by capillary action. A good separation is achieved when each component interacts differently with the mobile or stationary phase, creating individual bands (spots) on the plate. Figure 1 Developing chamber (beaker covered with aluminum foil), containing a TLC plate and a small amount of solvent. 1
2 The retention time or retention factor (Rf) is used to characterize and compare components of various samples. Rf = distance from origin to spot distance from origin to solvent front The first of two goals in this lab is to determine the content of an unknown solution, which contains one or more of the molecules shown in Figure 2. Those are currently sold as over-the-counter medicines or energy drink. The second goal is to determine the composition of an unknown mixture of food dyes. The unknown may contain one or more of the molecules shown in Figure 3. Acetylsalicylic acid Acetaminophen Ibuprofen Caffeine Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride Figure 2 Candidate over-the-counter medicine compounds. 2
3 Erythrosine B (red) Brilliant blue Fast green Sunset yellow Tartrazine (yellow) Figure 3 Candidate commonly used food dyes. Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction that exist between molecules. They are responsible for what we ve called so far affinity. Polarity is frequently the key factor in chromatographic resolution (separation). The affinity of a compound with the mobile phase vs stationary phase, depends on its polarity. Generally: polar compounds have strong affinities for polar compounds, nonpolar compounds have strong affinities for nonpolar compounds, polar compounds have weak affinities for nonpolar compounds. A simple (and very limited) way to put it would be: alike molecules have stronger affinities with one another than unlike ones. During elution, as the solvent progresses along the TLC plate, molecules of analytes (in this experiment, analytes will be drugs or dyes) are carried by the solvent. Along the way, they are constantly in contact with the highly polar silica (stationary phase). If the analyte is a highly polar compound, the forces of attraction (affinity) may be so strong that the analyte will not move (elute) at all. To make it move, one would have to use a more polar solvent. A polar solvent, having stronger affinity with the analyte, would therefore compete with the stationary phase. In the extreme situation where the affinity for the solvent is much stronger than for the stationary phase, the analyte would travel at the same rate as the solvent front the stationary phase not being able to retain the analyte at all. Finding a solvent or mixture of solvents that serves as an effective mobile phase is the most 3
4 difficult part of TLC. Often, several different combinations of solvents are tested before one is found that will separate the compounds of interest successfully. Obviously the task gets more complex with the increasing number of compounds to separate. This is where the TLC method find its limit of use. You will use TLC to separate food dyes, using a 5:1 mixture of isopropanol and ammonia for mobile phase. You will also use TLC to identify the active ingredient in an over-the-counter drug mixture, using a 4:2:1 mixture of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol as mobile phase. The identity of the compounds in both unknown samples will be verified by comparing their TLC Rf values, with those of authentic samples (standards). The different drugs shown in table 2 will not be visible after the plate has been developed. Although, the spots will become visible when viewed under short-wave ultraviolet light. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS Apparatus ml beakers 3 small tests tubes 1 50mL beaker 1 test tube holder ml erlenmeyer 1 diamond sand cutting rod 2 TLC plates (5cm x 10cm) 1 spatula 4 long pasteur pipets 1 dropper bulb 2 short pasteur pipets 1 large petri dish 1 Bunsen burner aluminum foil 1 ignitor cotton 1 plastic funnel + tubing (mini fumehood) Kimwipes 1 thermometer transparent tape Chemicals Ethanol Isopropanol/ammonia 5:1 solution Erythrosine B red solution Brilliant blue solution Fast green solution Sunset yellow solution Tartrazine solution Hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol 10:5:1 solution Tylenol (acetaminophen) Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) Advil (ibuprofen) Red Bull (caffeine) Sudafed (pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) 4
5 PROCEDURE Preparation of capillaries You will first use the flame of a Bunsen burner to soften a long pasteur pipet. When it is soft enough, take it away from the flame and immediately stretch it about one meter long. You will see the pipet transform into an extra long glass tube of capillary size. Break it into short pieces of about 5cm. Use the sanding disc to make clear and straight cuts. Keep only the capillaries with an outside diameter smaller than 0.9 mm. Prepare 15 of those capillaries per two students, keep them in a 50 ml beaker. Whenever a flame is used in the lab, everyone should pay special attention to all of their actions. To minimize the risk for accidents, burners will be used only in the first 30 minutes of the lab period. Plan your procedure accordingly. Separation of dyes Developing chamber. Prepare one for two students. Label a 400 ml beaker as 5:1 isopropanol/ammonia. Transfer 10 ml of that developing solvent (from a buret or solvent dispenser) into the beaker and immediately cover with a piece of aluminum foil. Verify that the solvent covers the bottom of the beaker to a depth of about 0.5 cm. The level of the liquid must be below the line when the plate is placed in the beaker. Preparation of the TLC plate for dyes. Prepare one for two students. Always wear gloves to manipulate undeveloped TLC plates. On one of the TLC plate, draw a line in pencil, not pen, 1 cm from the bottom along the short (5 cm) side of the plate. Below the line, going from left to right, write U1 E S B F T U2. Evenly space the labels, using the full width of the plate. Be careful not to disturb (contaminate) the silica gel as you write on the plate. Light pencil line 1cm U1 E S B F T U2 Mark names in pencil Figure 4 TLC plate before spotting 5
6 Spotting. Use the capillary tubes (one per dye) to spot each of the 5 dyes and the two unknowns, along the line drawn on the plate. Since two students are sharing the same TLC plate, U1 will be for the unknown of student #1 and U2 for the unknown of student #2. Make sure to record who is U1 and who s U2. To spot the plate, immerse the end of the capillary into the Erythrosine B red solution until some of it is drawn into the tube. Then, quickly and lightly touch the capillary to the surface of the plate (over the A label) so the spot is very small (diameter 2 mm). This is very important, to obtain a good resolution. The spot will be highly colored since the food dye solution is quite concentrated. Repeat the procedure, to respectively spot the Sunset yellow, Brilliant blue, Fast green, Tartrazine, and the Unknown solutions. Developing TLC. Place the plate in the beaker, cover it with the foil and allow the solvent front to move up the plate until it reaches approximately 6.5 cm from the drawn line (one hour maximum). Do not move or shock the beaker while the chromatogram is developing! Remove the plate and mark the solvent front with a pencil. Allow the plate to dry for minutes under a mini-fumehood. Then circle any visible spots with a pencil. Measure the distance from the origin to the center of each spot and the distance from the origin to the solvent front. Report the values and colors of the spots in table 2. Separation of drugs Developing chamber. Prepare one for two students. Label the second 400 ml beaker as 10:5:1 hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol. Transfer 10 ml of that developing solvent (from a buret or solvent dispenser) into the beaker and immediately cover with a piece of aluminum foil. Verify that the solvent covers the bottom of the beaker to a depth of about 0.5 cm. Preparation of the unknown drug solution. Prepare a hot water bath, using a hot plate and a large Petri dish half filled with tap water. Transfer approximately 50mL of ethanol into a 125mL Erlenmeyer. Cap it loosely with a piece of aluminum foil, and place it in the hot bath. Monitor the temperature by inserting a thermometer directly in the ethanol, make sure it doesn t go over 50 C. Push a small wad of cotton through the top of a short pasteur pipet so that is forms a plug at the point where the pipet narrows. Obtain a sample of unknown from your demonstrator. Put it directly into the plugged pipet. Fill the pipet with hot ethanol (50 C) to dissolve some of the drugs mixture. Then use the bulb to force the solution out, through the cotton filter, into a small test tube. Cap the tube and label it. 6
7 Preparation of the TLC plate for drugs. Prepare one for two students. On a second TLC plate, draw a line in pencil, 1 cm from the bottom along the short (5 cm) side of the plate. Below the line, going from left to right, write U1 AS AD TY RB PSE U2. Evenly space the labels, using the full width of the plate. Be careful not to disturb the silica gel as you write on the plate. Spotting. Use capillary tubes (one per drug) to spot each of the 5 solutions and the two unknowns, along the line drawn on the plate. Drug solutions were prepared from commercial tablets, using the same procedure you followed to prepare your solution of unknown. Because the drug solutions are more diluted than the dye solutions, it will be necessary to touch the plate several times on the same spot. Always allow the spot to dry in between applications. This operation will be completed much faster if your preparation is still warm. Developing TLC. Place the plate in the beaker, cover it with the foil and allow the solvent to rise to within 1 cm of the top of the plate. In this case, the solvent will travel up the silica gel plate much more quickly and could reach the top within a few minutes. Remove the plate and mark the solvent front with a pencil. Allow the plate to dry for 10 minutes under a mini-fumehood. Then observe it under short-wave ultraviolet light. With a pencil, circle any dark spots. Measure the distance from the origin to the center of each spot and the distance from the origin to the solvent front. Report values in table 3. Wastes The eluting solvents and drug extracts go into the Organic Waste Container. Capillaries go in the large beaker next to the liquid waste containers. DATA ANALYSIS Attach one TLC plate in the appropriate space of table 1 (use large bands of the provided transparent tape). Reproduce (sketch) the other TLC plate in the proper space of Table 1. Calculate the Rf of each spot on the developped TLC, report values in table 4 and 5. Identify the components present in the unknowns, by matching the Rfs of the unknowns with the standards. 7
8 Data sheet, hand in before leaving the laboratory Chemical Separation Experiment 2 - Data Name First Last McGill ID number Demonstrator Section Date Day Time Table 1 TLC of the food dyes and drug solutions TLC of the food dyes TLC of the drugs Attach TLC here Attach TLC here 8
9 Data sheet, hand in before leaving the laboratory Table 2 Elution of food dyes Spot # Dye Elution distance (cm) Spot color Unknown code # Solvent front (cm): Table 3 Elution of drug solutions Spot # Drug compound Elution distance (cm) Unknown code # Solvent front (cm): 9
10 Lab report, hand in within 24 hours Chemical Separation Experiment 2 - Lab Report Name First Last McGill ID number Demonstrator Section Date Day Time Table 4 Resolution of the dyes Spot # Dye name Rf Spot color Unknown Code # : 10
11 Lab report, hand in within 24 hours Table 5 - Resolution of the drugs Spot # Drug name Rf Unknown Code # : QUESTIONS 1. Explain how your observations in table 4 and table 5 led to the identification of the components of both unknowns. 11
12 Lab report, hand in within 24 hours 2. Discuss the relationship between the polarity of molecules and the Rf values. 3. Which one of the two mobile phases is the more polar? Support your answer. 12
13 Questions and problems 1. What are the stationary phase and the mobile phases involved in this experiment? 2. What is the purpose of the small wad of cotton in the pipette? 3. Why is a pencil (not a pen) used to mark the position of the spots? 4. Why is an Rf value rather than the distance the spot moved used to help identify a substance by TLC? Answers 1) Stationary phase : silica gel, mobile phases : 5:1 isopropanol:ammonia for dyes, 4:2:1 hexane:ethyl acetate:ethanol for drugs. 2) It acts as a filter, to remove the undissolved granules of drug. 3) Inks are dyes, they could elute and interfere with the compounds of interest. 4) Rf values are independent of the distance traveled by the solvent, it allows to compare values from different chromatograms, even when the solvent front positions (elution times) are different. 13
Laboratory Exercise: Chromatographic Separation
CHEM 109 Introduction to Chemistry Revision 1.0 Laboratory Exercise: Chromatographic Separation As we have discussed, chromatographic separations employ a system with two phases of matter; a mobile phase
More informationThin Layer Chromatography
Experiment: Thin Layer Chromatography Chromatography is a technique widely used by organic chemists to separate and identify components in a mixture. There are many types of chromatography, but all involve
More informationExperiment Nine Thin Layer Chromatography
Name: Lab Section: 09 Thin Layer Chromatography Experiment Nine Thin Layer Chromatography Introduction Objective Separation of compounds from a mixture is an incredibly important aspect of experimental
More informationChromatography Extraction and purification of Chlorophyll CHM 220
INTRODUCTION Extraction and purification of naturally occurring molecules is of the most common methods of obtaining organic molecules. Locating and identifying molecules found in flora and fauna can provide
More informationThin Layer Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography Thin-layer chromatography involves the same principles as column chromatography, it also is a form of solid-liquid adsorption chromatography. In this case, however, the solid
More informationExercise 4: Thin layer chromatography of organic compounds
Chemistry 162 Exercise 4: Thin layer chromatography of organic compounds Objective: Use thin layer chromatography to separate and characterize the polarity of a mixture of benzene derivatives. Introduction:
More informationPROGRAMMING THE RINSE ROBOT INTRODUCTION
PROGRAMMING THE RINSE ROBOT INTRODUCTION Description During the initial part of this exercise, students will attach a chemical group to a solid material inside a reaction tube. Not all of this chemical
More informationExperiment 1: Thin Layer Chromatography
Experiment 1: Thin Layer Chromatography Part A: understanding R f values Part B: R f values & solvent polarity Part C: R f values & compound functionality Part D: identification of commercial food dye
More informationEster Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen. Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco
Ester Synthesis And Analysis: Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen Vanessa Jones November 19, 2015 Thursday 8:30 Lab Section Lab Partner: Melissa Blanco INTRODUCTION For this lab, students attempted to synthesize
More informationName Period Date. Lab 10: Paper Chromatography
Name Period Date Lab 10: Paper Chromatography Objectives Known and unknown solutions of the metal ions Fe +, Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ will be analyzed using paper chromatography. An unknown solution containing
More informationPhysical Separations and Chromatography
Lab #5A & B: Physical Separations and Chromatography Individual Objectives: At the end of these experiments you should be able to: Ø Distinguish between Rf and tr; chromatograph and chromatogram; adsorption
More informationPrinciples of Thin Layer Chromatography
REVISED & UPDATED Edvo-Kit #113 Principles of Thin Layer Chromatography Experiment Objective: The objective of this experiment is to gain an understanding of the theory and methods of thin layer chromatography.
More informationChemistry 151 Lab 4: Chromatography
Chemistry 151 Lab 4: Chromatography Last updated Dec. 2013 Introduction Mixtures, both homo- and heterogeneous, can be separated (or resolved) into substances by physical means. Common examples of physical
More informationChromatography Lab # 4
Chromatography Lab # 4 Chromatography is a method for separating mixtures based on differences in the speed at which they migrate over or through a stationary phase which means that a complex mixture will
More information3. Separation of a Mixture into Pure Substances
3. Separation of a Mixture into Pure Substances Paper Chromatography of Metal Cations What you will accomplish in this experiment This third experiment provides opportunities for you to learn and practice:
More informationExperiment 1: Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography
Experiment 1: Extraction and Thin Layer Chromatography Introduction: Chromatography is a useful tool in chemistry and can be very helpful in determining the composition of an unknown sample. In chromatography
More informationChromatography. What is Chromatography?
Chromatography What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components. Mixture
More informationLAB #6 Chromatography Techniques
LAB #6 Chromatography Techniques Objectives: To learn how to story board a procedure Explain how a chromatograph of pigments is formed from both paper and thin layer chromatography. Isolate and identify
More informationSeparations: Chromatography of M&M and Ink Dyes
Separations: Chromatography o M&M and Ink Dyes Almost all substances we come into contact with on a daily basis are impure; that is, they are mixtures. Similarly, compounds synthesized in the chemical
More informationChromatography: Candy Coating and Marker Colors Student Version
Chromatography: Candy Coating and Marker Colors Student Version In this lab you will separate a mixture of unknown composition using several common household items. You will then perform a more specific
More informationCfE Higher Chemistry. Unit 3: Chemistry in Society. Chemical Analysis as part of quality control
CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Chemical Analysis as part of quality control 06/12/2017 Composition and purity 06/12/2017 Learning Outcomes : I can explain the basic principle of how
More informationPractical 1 Procedure Iron by Titrimetry
Practical 1 Procedure Iron by Titrimetry Introduction This experiment quantifies Fe 2+, ferrous iron, by reacting it with ceric sulphate in a 1:1 reaction, i.e. one mole of ferrous iron reacts with one
More informationExp 1 Column Chromatography for the Isolation of Excedrin Components. Reading Assignment: Column Chromatography, TLC (Chapter 18)
Exp 1 Column Chromatography for the Isolation of Excedrin Components Reading Assignment: Column Chromatography, TLC (Chapter 18) Column chromatography separation can be achieved if the compounds have different
More informationChromatography: Candy Coating and Marker Colors Student Advanced Version
Chromatography: Candy Coating and Marker Colors Student Advanced Version In this lab you will separate a mixture of unknown composition using several common household items. You will then perform a more
More informationChromatography 1 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Chromatography 1 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Chromatography 2 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What is chromatography? 3 of 26 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Different instrumental methods can be used to analyse and identify
More informationMIXTURES, COMPOUNDS, & SOLUTIONS
MIXTURES, COMPOUNDS, & SOLUTIONS As with elements, few compounds are found pure in nature and usually found as mixtures with other compounds. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are
More informationPaper Chromatography. Identifying the components of a mixture
Paper Chromatography Identifying the components of a mixture QUIZ TIME! Take out a blank piece of paper Put your name and your lab day/time at the top Paper Chromatography Identifying the components of
More informationPURPOSE: To separate the pigments of spinach by Column Chromatography. To analyze Column Chromatography fractions by Thin Layer Chromatography.
LAB 1: CHROMATOGRAPHY OF SPINACH Thin Layer and Column Chromatography PURPOSE: To separate the pigments of spinach by Column Chromatography. To analyze Column Chromatography fractions by Thin Layer Chromatography.
More informationLab 10 Guide: Column Chromatography (Nov 3 9)
Lab 10 Guide: Column Chromatography (Nov 3 9) Column Chromatography/ Isolation of Caffeine from Tea, Exp. 7B, pages 67-72 in Taber After an organic reaction it s common to get a mixture of products. Usually
More informationThe Basis for Paper Chromatography
APTER 4 Polarity The Basis for Paper hromatography bjectives The objectives of this laboratory are to: Use paper chromatography to determine the number of components in certain mixtures. lassify these
More informationExperiment 1: The Borohydride Reduction of 9-Fluorenone to 9-Fluorenol
Experiment 1: The Borohydride Reduction of 9-Fluorenone to 9-Fluorenol Background: In this week s experiment, a metal hydride will be used as a reducing agent. Metal hydrides can be quite reactive, and
More informationChromatography: Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) & Column Chromatography
Chromatography: Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) & Column Chromatography Part 1, p. 184: Separation of spinach pigments by TLC. (4 th Ed. P. 180) Part 2, p. 192: Separation of Fluorene and Fluorenone by
More informationPaper Chromatography Lab. Prepared for: Mrs. Freeman
Paper Chromatography Lab Prepared for: Mrs. Freeman September 6, 2013 1 Introduction The separation of mixtures is an important part of chemistry. One such method of separation is called chromatography,
More informationTHIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OBJECTIVE In this laboratory you will separate spinach pigments using thin layer chromatography (TLC). INTRODUCTION Mixtures of compounds are very common in Organic Chemistry.
More informationPRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. Dr. P. Jayachandra Reddy Mpharm PhD Principal & professor KTPC
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Dr. P. Jayachandra Reddy Mpharm PhD Principal & professor KTPC CHROMATOGRAPHY Laboratory technique for the Separation of mixtures Chroma -"color" and graphein
More informationChromatography What is it?
Chromatography Most things that are colored are mixtures of different substances of various colors. In a mixture you have several different kinds of chemicals that are all next to each other but not reacting.
More informationIs There a Chemist in You?
Young Scholars of Utica http://www.utica.edu/academic/yslpp/ Workshop January 8, 2011 Hosts: Professor Myriam Cotten, Lydia Rono, and Akritee Shrestha Is There a Chemist in You? 1 Schedule Morning Why
More informationChemistry 3200 High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Quantitative Determination of Headache Tablets
Chemistry 3200 High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Quantitative Determination of Headache Tablets Liquid chromatography was developed by Tswett in early 1900 s and was shown to be a powerful separation
More informationnot to be republished NCERT THE technique of chromatography is vastly used for the separation, Chromatography UNIT-5 EXPERIMENT 5.
UNIT-5 Chromatography THE technique of chromatography is vastly used for the separation, purification and identification of compounds. According to IUPAC, chromatography is a physical method of separation
More informationDrug tests Students Notes By Doaa George, based on the workshop investigation by Claire Lenehan
Drug tests Students Notes By Doaa George, based on the workshop investigation by Claire Lenehan Figure 1 Forensic science exhibition II Introduction Forensic science is the science used to unveil the mysteries
More informationChromatography & instrumentation in Organic Chemistry
Chromatography & instrumentation in Organic Chemistry What is Chromatography? Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify
More informationChromatographic Methods of Analysis Section 2: Planar Chromatography. Prof. Tarek A. Fayed
Chromatographic Methods of Analysis Section 2: Planar Chromatography Prof. Tarek A. Fayed Planar chromatography includes two types: 1- Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). 2- Paper Chromatography (PC). Thin
More informationIntroductory Remarks:
Introductory Remarks: At all times while you are in the laboratory you should wear safety spectacles or own spectacles if they have been approved. Eating of any kind of food or drinking is strictly prohibited
More informationChromatography and Functional Group Analysis
Chromatography Chromatography separates individual substances from a mixture. - to find out how many components there are - to match the components with known reference materials - to use additional analytical
More informationWhat s In That Pill?
What s In That Pill? A Thin-Layer Chromatography Activity for High School Chemistry Classes CCMR Summer RET Experience Summer 2002 Mary Kay Hickey Acknowledgements Development of this lab activity would
More informationDr. Jonathan Gutow Fall Looking for PCBs in Water or Can PCBs Wash out of Landfills and Contaminate Ground Water?
Chemistry 103 PCBs on Sediments Lab Dr. Jonathan Gutow Fall 2003 Looking for PCBs in Water or Can PCBs Wash out of Landfills and Contaminate Ground Water? by Jonathan Gutow, Spring 1999. Revised 4/01,
More informationUniversity of Wisconsin Chemistry 524 Introduction to Separations Methods *
University of Wisconsin Chemistry 524 Introduction to Separations Methods * This experiment is designed to introduce you to five different separation techniques: thin layer chromatography, gel permeation,
More informationChromatography. Investigation Photosynthetic Pigments. Do all leaves contain the same pigments?
Investigation Photosynthetic Pigments Materials For Group of 2 - Fresh spinach leaves - Wet erase marker - Chromatography paper - 2 Vials with caps - Scissors - Developer solution (Lighter fluid + Acetone,
More informationLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION WHAT IS IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER (Revised: 12-8-92) Headache, sore muscles, arthritis pain... How do you spell relief? Pain serves the useful function of alerting you when some component of a
More information1
1 Index: Page 3: Covalent Bonding Knowledge Card Page 4: Separation Techniques Knowledge Card Page 5: Exam Descriptors/Sample Questions Page 6: Covalent Bonding & How to draw them Page 7: Simple & Giant
More informationColumn Liquid Chromatography Experiment Adapted for Use in Secondary Schools
Column Liquid Chromatography Experiment Adapted for Use in Secondary Schools Mark Langella WISTA The most modern and sophisticated methods of separating mixtures that the organic chemist has available
More informationUniversity of Wisconsin Chemistry 116 Preparation and Characterization of Aspirin and Some Flavoring Esters *
University of Wisconsin Chemistry 116 Preparation and Characterization of Aspirin and Some Flavoring Esters * Esters are an important class of organic compounds commonly prepared via a condensation reaction
More informationExperiment 1 & 2 PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT
Experiment 1 & 2 Separating a Mixture of Anthracene, Benzil and Triphenylmethanol by Thin-Layer Chromatography & Isolation of (-)-Menthol from Peppermint Oil and Its Conversion to (-)-Menthyl Acetate prepared
More informationIGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry
IGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry Principles of Chemistry Element, Compounds and Mixtures NOTES 1.8: Understand how to classify a substance as an element, compound or mixture Classifications: S Class Element
More information36B-BioOrganic Modifications for Technique Experiments. Technique of Thin-Layer Chromatography
36B-BioOrganic Modifications for Technique Experiments Technique of Thin-Layer Chromatography Experiment Title: Applying TLC As A Method to Monitor the Multistep Synthesis of Aspirin You will be using
More informationAnalytical Technologies in Biotechnology Prof. Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Analytical Technologies in Biotechnology Prof. Dr. Ashwani K. Sharma Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 3 Chromatographic Method Lecture - 1 Introduction and Basic
More informationMagnet Junior High/High School Lesson Plan
Magnet Junior High/High School Lesson Plan CURSES: Integrated Physics and Chemistry, High School Chemistry (developed for Kealing Middle School s Integrated Physics and Chemistry course) TPIC: Understanding
More informationEXPERIMENT #1 SEPARATION AND RECOVERY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY, COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, CRYSTALLIZATION AND MELTING POINTS
EXPERIMENT #1 SEPARATION AND RECOVERY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY, COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, CRYSTALLIZATION AND MELTING POINTS Overview In the first few weeks of this semester you will
More informationAnalytical Chemistry National 4 and 5
Analytical Chemistry National 4 and 5 Analytical Chemistry is a subject which spans almost all areas of Chemistry. It is concerned with identifying, measuring and separating the chemicals present in a
More informationIDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR DURACOR TABLETS
PAGE 1 OF 8 IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR DURACOR TABLETS PAGE 2 OF 8 PROTOCOL APPROVALS Norvin Pharma Inc. Signature and Date Author Analytical Laboratory Approver Analytical Laboratory Group Leader Approver
More informationThin Layer Chromatography
Introduction Thin Layer Chromatography Chromatography is an effective and very useful method for separation and purification of organic compounds that can be used even for complex mixtures. Chromatography
More informationIntroduction to Work in Laboratory
INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE Introduction to Work in Measuring volumes, filtration, centrifugation, solubility, separation Practical in Medical Biochemistry General Medicine
More informationThermal Energy and Temperature Lab. Experiment Question: How can the difference between thermal energy and temperature be experimentally observed?
Thermal Energy and Temperature Lab Name 7 th Grade PSI Grade / 20 Experiment Question: How can the difference between thermal energy and temperature be experimentally observed? Hypothesis Starters: 1.
More informationPrelab Reading Assignment: Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 4 th Ed. Chapter 19
CHEM 213 Technique Experiments Experiment 5: Column Chromatography Number of labs - one Reactions performed None Chemicals used: Fluorene-fluorenone mixture, hexanes, methylene chloride, silica gel Supplies
More information17 th Chemistry Olympiad of the Baltic States
17 th Chemistry Olympiad of the Baltic States Riga, Latvia, 2009 Practical examination Introduction General information Keep your safety or optical glasses on, while working in laboratory. Fill pipettes
More informationFor Chromatography, you might want to remember Polar Dissolves More, not like dissolves like.
Chromatography In General Separation of compounds based on the polarity of the compounds being separated Two potential phases for a compound to eist in: mobile (liquid or gas) and stationary Partitioning
More informationChemistry 11. Unit 3 The Physical Properties and Physical Changes of Substances
Chemistry 11 1 Unit 3 The Physical Properties and Physical Changes of Substances 2 1. Definitions in science Science is the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical
More informationFrom Which Planet is the Soil Sample From?
Teacher From Which Planet is the Soil Sample From? NGSSS: SC.912.P.8.2: Differentiate between physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes of matter. Purpose of Lab/Activity: To separate
More informationTo understand concept of limiting reagents. To learn how to do a vacuum filtration. To understand the concept of recrystallization.
E x p e r i m e n t Synthesis of Aspirin Experiment : http://genchemlab.wordpress.com/-aspirin/ objectives To synthesize aspirin. To understand concept of limiting reagents. To determine percent yield.
More informationSupernatant: The liquid layer lying above the solid layer after a precipitation reaction occurs.
Limiting Reagent Introduction The quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction represented by a balanced equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. Solution stoichiometry is
More informationAspirin Synthesis H 3 PO 4
Aspirin Synthesis Experiment 10 Aspirin is the common name for the compound acetylsalicylic acid, widely used as a fever reducer and as a pain killer. Salicylic acid, whose name comes from Salix, the willow
More informationChemistry Gas Chromatography: Separation of Volatile Organics
Chemistry 3200 Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental method for separating volatile compounds in a mixture. A small sample of the mixture is injected onto one end of a column housed in an oven. The
More informationSupernatant: The liquid layer lying above the solid layer after a precipitation reaction occurs.
Limiting Reagent Introduction The quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction represented by a balanced equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. Solution stoichiometry is
More informationSubstances and Mixtures:Separating a Mixture into Its Components
MiraCosta College Introductory Chemistry Laboratory Substances and Mixtures:Separating a Mixture into Its Components EXPERIMENTAL TASK To separate a mixture of calcium carbonate, iron and sodium chloride
More information2. Synthesis of Aspirin
This is a two-part laboratory experiment. In part one, you will synthesize (make) the active ingredient in aspirin through a reaction involving a catalyst. The resulting product will then be purified through
More informationIGCSE(A*-G) Edexcel - Chemistry
IGCSE(A*-G) Edexcel - Chemistry Principles of Chemistry Atoms NOTES 1.8 Describe and explain experiments to investigate the small size of particles and their movement including: Dilution of coloured solutions
More informationExperiment 17. Synthesis of Aspirin. Introduction
Experiment 17 Introduction Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a synthetic organic derived from salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is a natural product found in the bark of the willow tree
More informationDATES: LAB: Liquid Chromatography Separation of Grape Kool-Aid
NAME: AP CHEMISTRY DATES: LAB: Liquid Chromatography Separation of Grape Kool-Aid PURPOSE There are a number of analytical techniques used to separate components of a mixture, or solution. They include
More informationVolumetric Analysis. Quantitative analysis answers the second question
Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis is a form of quantitative analysis involving the measuring of volumes of reacting solutions, it involves the use of titrations. When buying food we often have two
More informationusing simple distillation and paper chromatography practical to obtain a
2.11 Core practical: Investigate the composition of inks using simple distillation and paper chromatography Paper 1 & 2 Topic 1 What do you need to be able to do? Practical: Description Investigate the
More informationObjective: Science Classroom Laboratory Safety
Science Classroom Laboratory Safety Objective: Learn safety rules for working with chemicals and participating in a safe manner when carrying out lab procedures. Complete the safety and equipment assignment
More informationCHROMATOGRAPHY. The term "chromatography" is derived from the original use of this method for separating yellow and green plant pigments.
CHROMATOGRAPHY The term "chromatography" is derived from the original use of this method for separating yellow and green plant pigments. THEORY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY: Separation of two sample components in
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY SUB-TOPIC 1.2 METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS LEARNING
More informationChapter 1, Lesson 3: The Ups and Downs of Thermometers
Chapter 1, Lesson 3: The Ups and Downs of Thermometers Key Concepts The way a thermometer works is an example of heating and cooling a liquid. When heated, the molecules of the liquid in the thermometer
More informationAbstract. Introduction
Investigating the Techniques of Solid- Liquid Extraction by isolating lycopene from tomato paste and Column Chromatography &Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)by purifying lycopene Mengying Li Department of
More informationExperiment 8: Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane
1 Experiment 8: Chlorination of 1-Chlorobutane Alkanes contain only nonpolar carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds, which makes them unreactive toward most acidic and basic reagents. They can,
More informationStation 1: Adiabatic Decompression Materials: Can of compressed air Infrared thermometer Graph paper
Station 1: Adiabatic Decompression Can of compressed air Infrared thermometer Graph paper 1. Using the digital thermometer, take the initial temperature of the can and record it on the table on the activity
More informationPhotosynthesis. Introduction
Photosynthesis Learning Objectives: Explain the importance of photosynthetic pigments for transformation of light energy into chemical bond and the advantage of having more than one pigment in the same
More informationApplications in Forensic Science. T. Trimpe
Applications in Forensic Science T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/ What is chromatography? From Wikipedia... Chromatography (from Greek word for chromos for colour) is the collective term for a family
More informationExperiment # 13 PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN
Experiment # 13 PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN Objective In this experiment you will synthesize acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin), determine the limiting reagent, and then determine the theoretical and percent yields
More informationManual Accompanying The GPHF-Minilab
A Concise Quality Control Guide On Essential Drugs And Other Medicines Manual Accompanying The GPHF-Minilab Third Supplement To Volume II Thin Layer Chromatography Extension 2003 Antiretrovirals An Initiative
More informationAP Chemistry Lab #5- Synthesis and Analysis of Alum (Big Idea 1 & 2)
www.pedersenscience.com AP Chemistry Lab #5- Synthesis and Analysis of Alum (Big Idea 1 & 2) 1.A.1: Molecules are composed of specific combinations of atoms; different molecules are composed of combinations
More informationChemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle
1 Chemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle ORGANIZATION Mode: pairs assigned by instructor Grading: lab notes, lab performance and post-lab report Safety: Goggles, closed-toe shoes, lab coat, long pants/skirts
More informationThe Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin
The Synthesis and Analysis of Aspirin Computer 22 Aspirin, the ubiquitous pain reliever, goes by the chemical name acetylsalicylic acid. One of the compounds used in the synthesis of aspirin is salicylic
More informationExperiment A. Introduction to the Organic Laboratory and Characterization Techniques
Experiment A. Introduction to the Organic Laboratory and Characterization Techniques 1. EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES: a. To identify the safety features and physical layout of the organic laboratory. b. To
More informationInstitute for Chemical Education, Fun With Chemistry; Vol. 1, Sarquis, Mickey and Sarquis, Gerry, Ed.; University of Wisconsin Madison, 1991,
EXPERIIMENT #7 LIIQUIID CHROMATOGRAPHY References: Bidlingmeyer, B. A.; Warren Jr., F. V. An Inexpensive Experiment for the Introduction of High Performance Liquid Chromatography J. Chem. Educ. 1984, 61,
More informationChromatography. Mrs. D. MEENA MPharm PA & QA KTPC
Chromatography Mrs. D. MEENA MPharm PA & QA KTPC INTRODUCTION ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying and determining the relative amount of the components in a sample
More informationLondon Examinations IGCSE
Centre No. Paper Reference (complete below) Surname Initial(s) Candidate No. Signature Paper Reference(s) 4335/03 4437/08 London Examinations IGCSE Chemistry 4335 Paper 3 Science (Double Award) 4437 Paper
More informationEXPERIMENT 20. Solutions INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 20 Solutions INTRODUCTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The solvent is the dissolving substance, while the solute is the dissolved substance. A saturated solution is one in which the
More informationHHPS WHMIS. Rules MSDS Hazard Codes Systems. Biology based. Chemistry based. Safety Symbols. Safety in the Lab. Lab Equipment
Safety Symbols HHPS WHMIS Safety in the Lab Rules MSDS Hazard Codes Systems Lab Equipment Chemistry based Biology based Safety Symbols We will be discussing two types of Information Systems Hazardous Household
More information