Department of Botany & Microbiology Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar

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1 Department of Botany & Microbiology Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar TDC B.Sc. Botany Syllabus (w.e.f. Session and onward) B.Sc. I Botany Semester I BBO-101 : Algae 50 Marks BBO-102 : Fungi 50 Marks BBO-151 Practical : 50 Marks B.Sc. I Botany Semester II BBO-201 : Bryophyta 50 Marks BBO-202 : Pteridophyta 50 Marks BBO-251 Practical : 50 Marks B.Sc. II Botany Semester III BBO-301 : Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany 50 Marks BBO302 : Taxonomy of Angiosperms 50 Marks BBO-351 Practical : 50 Marks B.Sc. II Botany Semester IV BBO-401 : Anatomy and Embryology 50 Marks BBO-402 : Plant Ecology & Environment 50 Marks BBO-451 Practical : 50 Marks B.Sc. III Botany Semester V BBO-501 : Cytology,Genetics and Plant Breeding 50 Marks BBO-502 : Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 50 Marks BBO-551 Practical : 50 Marks B.Sc. III Botany Semester VI BBO-601 : General and Applied Microbiology 50 Marks BBO-602 : Applied Botany 50 Marks BBO-651 Practical : 50 Marks

2 B.Sc. I, Botany Semester I BBO-101: Algae MM 50 Unit I: A brief history of phycology, essential features of algae, classification of algae, general characters of important algal groups. Unit II: Range in chloroplast structures, general methods of reproduction, variation in life cycles, alternation of generation in algae. Unit III: Thallus organization, structure and reproduction in Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox; Oedogonium. Unit IV: Thallus organization, structure and reproduction in Chara, Vaucheria, Fristchiella, Ectocarpus, Sargassum, Polysyphonia. UNIT V: Knowledge of algal utilization, utilization of algae in sewage disposal, methods of algal cultures, economic importance of algae. B.Sc. I, Botany Semester II BBO-102: Fungi MM 50 Unit I: General characteristics features, thallus organization in fungi, cell structure, methods of reproduction, classification and economic importance of fungi. Unit II: Characteristics features of chytridiomycetes, methods of reproduction, life cycle of Synchytrium, characteristics of oomycetes. Thallus organization and reproduction in general and behaviour of germination of spores in Saprolegnia. Life cycle of Saprolegnia. Unit III: Characteristics features and classification of Perenosporales, life cycle of Albugo, Pythium and Phytopthora and their diseases, control measures. Unit IV: Characteristics features of Zygomycetes, thallus organization and reproduction, classification, life cycle of Mucor. Economic importance and evolution of higher fungi. Unit V: Characteristic features of Ascomycetes, general pattern of life cycle, classification, life cycle of Yeast, Morchella and Eurotium, Characteristics features of Basidiomycetes life cycle of Smut and Rust fungi.

3 B.Sc. I, Botany Semester II BBO-201: Bryophyta MM 50 Unit I: Distribution of bryophytes in India, general characteristics of bryophytes, outlines of classification of bryophyta. Unit II: Methods of vegetative propagation, alternation of generation and evolution of the sporophytes. Unit III: Occurrence, thallus organization, structure and reproduction of Riccia, Marchantia, Porella Unit V: Occurrence, thallus organization, structure and reproduction of Anthoceros, Funaria, Sphagnum. Unit V: Economic importance of bryophytes, medicinal properties of bryophytes, role of bryophytes in ecological succession, bryophytes as indicators. B.Sc. I, Botany Semester II BBO-202: Pteridophyta MM 50 Unit I: General characteristics features of pteridophytes, similarties and disimilarties with gymnosperms and angiosperm. Classification of pteridophytes. Unit II : Telome theory, stelar organization in pteridophytes, apogomy, apospory parthenogenesis, heterospory and seed habit in Selaginella. Unit III: Life cycle of Lycopodium and Selaginella (occurrence and habitat, morphology, and anatomical features, stelar organization, development of sporangia, gametophyte, anthridia archegonia and sporophyte) Unit IV: Life cycle of Equisteum and Dryopteris (occurrence and habitat, morphology, and anatomical features, stelar organization, development of sporangia, gametophyte, anthridia archegonia and sporophyte) Unit V: Life cycle of Marsilea (occurrence and habitat, morphology, and anatomical features, stelar organization, development of sporangia, gametophyte, anthridia archegonia and sporophyte). Economic importance of pteridophytes.

4 B.Sc. II Botany Semester III BBO-301: Gymnosperm and paleobotany MM 50 Unit I: General characteristics, features of Gymnosperms and its similarties and disimilarties with pteridophyta and angiosperms, classification of gymnosperms. Unit II: Morphology of Cycas, anatomical features of coralloid root, leaf and stem. Structure of male cone and mega sporophyll found in Cycas, development of microsporangia and megasporangia, structure of ovule, development of male and female gametophytes, antheridium and archegonium pollination, fertilization and development of embryo. Unit III: Morphology of Pinus, anatomical features of shoot, needle and root. Structure of male cone and female cone found in Pinus, development of microsporangia and megasporangia, structure of ovule, development of male and female gametophytes, antheridium and archegonium pollination, fertilization and development of embryo. Unit IV: Distribution of gymnosperms in India and economic importance of gymnosperm in human life. Unit V: Definition of fossils, different methods of fossilization type study of plant fossil materials Rhynia and Pentoxylon. Contributions of Prof. Birbal Sahni. B.Sc. II Botany Semester III BBO-302: Taxanomy of Angiosperm MM 50 Unit I: Characteristics of classification, different system of classification, general principles of classification, nomenclatures of plants, cytotaxonomy and chemotaxonomy. Contribution made by Bantham and Hooker. Unit II: Study of the following families with special reference to local representatives and plants of economic importance. Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae. Unit III: Study of the following families with special reference to local representatives and plants of economic importance. Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Cucurbitaceae. Unit IV: Study of the following families with special reference to local representatives and plants of economic importance. Asteraceae, Apocyanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae. Unit V: Study of the following families with special reference to local representatives and plants of economic importance. Poaceae, Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Orchidaceae.

5 B.Sc. II Botany Semester IV BBO-401: Anatomy and Embryology MM 50 Unit I: Significance of anatomy in taxonomy of angiosperms. Meristems Meristematic tissues. Permanent tissues simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma. Unit II: Anatomy of root, stem and leaf, primary and secondary structure of root and stem and leaf. Anamolous secondary growth in different representatives. Unit III: Definition of Embryology, historical account with special reference to Indian contribution. Structure of flower and its different parts and their position. Arrangement of male and female reproduction Organ, anther and ovule and their arrangement. Unit IV: Development of microsporangium and megasporangium and development of male and female gametophytes; different kinds of ovule found in different representatives. Unit V: Pollination: Different kinds of pollination, Pollen Germination, Pollen tube growth, fertilization. Endosperm, nuclear and cellular endosperm. Development of Embryo. B.Sc. II Botany Semester IV BBO-402: Plant Ecology and Environment MM 50 Unit I: Indroduction History of ecology; Concept of habitat and niche; Ecological structure; Environmental factors, climate (temperature and its effects) light, water, Edaphic factor (soil formation, soil profile, soil composition and other properties). Unit II: Ecosystem-structural components of ecosystem (both biotic and abiotic), producers, consumers and decomposers, Ecological pyramids.. Unit III: Population and community- Auto ecology and synecology, Concept of population ecology, characterization of population, concept and characterization of community, ecological succession, types and process of succession. Hydrosere and Xerosere Unit IV: Pollution- Introduction to soil, water and air pollution; causes of pollution; bioremediation of pollution, bio-indication of pollution, vedic technology for air purification. Unit V: Biogeochemical cycles: Introduction, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorous cycle and sulphur cycle.

6 B.Sc. III Botany Semester V BBO-501: Cytology, Genetics, Evolution and Plant Breeds MM 50 Unit I: Structure of the plant cell, cell wall, cell membrane, cell organelles, chloroplast, mitochondria, golgi body, plastid, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome and nucleus. Cell division significance of cell division, types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. Unit II: Historical account of chromosomes, morphological types and ultrastructure of chromosomes, special types of chromosomes, chemical nature of chromosomes, DNA structure and model proposed by Watson and Crick s, DNA replication. In vitro synthesis of DNA. Unit III: Defenition, historical account of genetics, classification of genetics, mendalism, Mendal s laws of inheritance. Linkage and crossing over. Methods of crop improvement through plant breeding. Unit IV: Chromosomal abberation; Structural and variation in chromosome, (Duplication,deletion, translocation universion) Numerical variation, aneploidy,( Monosomic, nullesomic and trisomic) euploidy, haploidy, polyploidy and their significance in improvement of agriculture. Unit V: Biotechnology definition, scope and application of Biotechnology in improvement of plant products. Techniques used in isolation of DNA. Theories of organic evolution B.Sc. III Botany Semester V BBO-502: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry MM 50 Unit I: Physiology of the plant cell: The cell inclusion-plastids, mitochondria, nuecleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus and their functions cell wall and cell membrane, colloidal system in plants, solution and membrane in relation to water and salt uptake in plant cell. Unit II: Osmosis and Osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, Imbibition Permeability. Absorption of water and solutes, with an introduction to active absorption and apparent free space. Soil-plant-water relationship: Inorganic nutrition-essential major and micronutrients deficiency symptoms of N,P, and K. and micronutrients B, Zn, Mo. An introduction of water uptake and translocation of ions. Unit III: Transpiration, stomata and moisture stress. Antitranspirants. Unit IV: Translocation of metabolites, Structure of phloem in relation to the function. Seed germination, Juvenility, Flower physiology-photoperiodism, senescence. Unit V: Plant growth substance- Auxins, Gibberllines, Cytokiniers.

7 B.Sc. III Botany Semester VI BBO-601: General and Applied Microbiology MM 50 Unit I: Emergence of Microbiology, History and development of microbiology golden era of microbiology, development of microbiology in India; Control of microorganisms. Microbial diversity- archaeobacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasmas, fungi, actinomycetes, rickettsia, and chlamydia. Unit II: Bacteria, morphological types: Cocci, bacilli(rods), spiral, vibrios, spirichaetes, pleomorphic, stalked and prothecate- bacteria. Arrangement of bacterial cells flagellation, structure of flagella and pili. Structure of bacterial cell envelope, Gram positive and Gram negative cell wall, membranes invaginationus and intracellular membrane systems, ribosomes, cytoplasmic inclusions, genome (nucleoid) and plasmids. Nutrional types of bacteria, phototrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs. Isolation, purification (pure cultures) and preservation and maintenance of cultures. Unit III: Viruses: Discovery of viruses, classification and techniques of viruses structure of plant viruses Tomato mosaic.methods of transmission of plant viruses. Certain human microbial diseases Typhoid, Hepatitis, Rabis and candidiasis. Unit IV: Identification and differentiation of bacteria, staining characterstics, Gram stain, acid-fast stain, metachromatic granule stain, spore stain, flagellar stain, cultural characterstics, physiological (biochemical characterstics, seriological characterstics), chemotexanomy, genetic characterization, pathogenecity, and methods of identification. Dermatophytoses. Unit V: Application of microbiology, biofertilizers, history and development of fermentation, Industry; Production of edible fungi and penicillin; Potential application of Archeabacteria (Methanogens & Thermophiles), Immunology: historical account of immunology, structure of antigen and antibody, serology. B.Sc. III Botany Semester VI BBO-602: Applied Botany MM 50 Unit I: Plants in relation to humen welfare. Elementary information regarding the following: Food- Cereals and legumes.wheat, Rice, Maize, Gram, Moong and Arhar. Unit II: Fibers-Cotton, juite, coir. Timber- Teak, sal, sheesham. Unit III: Drug plants- Pipeali, brahmi, guglu, sarpgandha, har, gokhru, jatamanshi, datura, shankhpushpi, dioscorea and digitalis. Unit IV: Energy plants- Sugarcane, sugar beet, tapioca, euphorbia sp. Other uses of plants. Fruits and vegetables, plants & environmental degradation.

8 Unit V: Methods used in isolation, and screening of antibiotic producing organisms by antigonism and crude extraction of antibiotics. Detailed study of certain antibiotic production isolation from culturing to production such as Penicillium and Tetracycline.