NUCLEUS ALBUMINOUS CELL SIEVE CELL SIEVE AREA SMALL PORES SIEVE CELL PHLOEM L.S. SUGAR

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1 NUCLEUS? ALBUMINOUS CELL SUGAR SIEVE CELL SIEVE AREA SMALL PORES SIEVE CELL PHLOEM L.S.

2 NUCLEUS S ALBUMINOUS CELL SUGAR SIEVE? CELL SIEVE PLATE LARGE PORES SIEVE? CELL PHLOEM L.S.

3 NUCLEUS? ALBUMINOUS CELL SUGAR SIEVE MEMBER SIEVE PLATE LARGE PORES SIEVE MEMBER PHLOEM L.S.

4 NUCLEUS C ALBUMINOUS? CELL SUGAR SIEVE MEMBER SIEVE PLATE LARGE PORES SIEVE MEMBER PHLOEM L.S.

5 NUCLEUS CAMPANION CELL SUGAR SIEVE MEMBER SIEVE PLATE LARGE PORES SIEVE MEMBER PHLOEM L.S.

6 GYMNOSPERMS S

7 A SIEVE CELLS GYMNOSPERMS

8 ^ SIEVE CELLS & ALBUMINOUS CELLS GYMNOSPERMS

9 ROOT ^

10 ROOT STELE

11 P ROOT C.S.

12 PROTOSTELE A

13 PROTOSTELE / ACTINOSTELE ^

14 STEM ^

15 STEM STELE

16 S STEM C.S.

17 SIPHONOSTELE

18 SIPHONOSTELE E

19 SIPHONOSTELE / EUSTELE? V

20 PINUS RESIN DUCT V PERIDERM CORTEX? C.S.

21 PINUS RESIN DUCT X PERIDERM CORTEX VASCULAR CAMBIUM C.S.

22 PINUS RESIN DUCT P PERIDERM CORTEX ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM C.S.

23 PINUS RESIN DUCT 2 PERIDERM CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM C.S.

24 PINUS RESIN DUCT W PERIDERM CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 GROWTH: PRESENT ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM C.S.

25 PINUS RESIN DUCT ^ PERIDERM CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 GROWTH: PRESENT WOOD VASCULAR CAMBIUM C.S.

26 ^ GYMNOSPERM WOOD ANATOMY

27 ^ MANOXYLIC WOOD VS PYCNOXYLIC WOOD

28 MANOXYLIC WOOD ANATOMY

29 CYCAS

30 LP MANOXYLIC C.S. STEM CYCAS

31 VC MANOXYLIC LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX C.S. STEM CYCAS

32 2 MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX C.S. STEM CYCAS

33 SG MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM C.S. STEM CYCAS

34 LX MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM C.S. STEM SLOW GROWTH CYCAS

35 A MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM C.S. STEM LIMITED ~2 XYLEM CYCAS

36 P MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM C.S. STEM ~2 XYLEM ANNUAL RINGS: ABSENT CYCAS

37 PL MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM C.S. STEM PARENCHYMA CELLS ABUNDANT CYCAS

38 ^ MANOXYLIC VASCULAR CAMBIUM LARGE PITH LARGE CORTEX ~2 PHLOEM ~2 XYLEM PARENCHYMA CELLS ABUNDANT C.S. STEM POOR LUMBER CYCAS

39 PYCNOXYLIC WOOD ANATOMY

40 PINUS

41 SP PYCNOXYLIC C.S. STEM PINUS

42 VC PYCNOXYLIC C.S. STEM SMALL PITH SMALL CORTEX PINUS

43 2 PYCNOXYLIC SMALL PITH C.S. STEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM SMALL CORTEX PINUS

44 RG PYCNOXYLIC C.S. STEM SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX PINUS

45 EX PYCNOXYLIC C.S. STEM SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX RAPID GROWTH PINUS

46 ? PYCNOXYLIC SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM C.S. STEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX EXTENSIVE ~2 XYLEM PINUS

47 AR PYCNOXYLIC? C.S. STEM SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX EXTENSIVE ~2 XYLEM PINUS

48 P PYCNOXYLIC SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM ANNUAL RING C.S. STEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX EXTENSIVE ~2 XYLEM PINUS

49 GL PYCNOXYLIC ANNUAL RING C.S. STEM SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX PARENCHYMA CELLS FEW PINUS

50 ^ PYCNOXYLIC SMALL PITH ~2 XYLEM ANNUAL RING C.S. STEM VASCULAR CAMBIUM ~2 PHLOEM SMALL CORTEX PARENCHYMA CELLS FEW GOOD LUMBER PINUS

51 LEAF ^

52 PHYLLOTAXY A

53 PHYLLOTAXY ALTERNATE GYMNOSPERMS

54 GYMNOSPERM LIFE CYCLE ^ MITOSIS SPOROCYTES 2N ZYGOTE 2N SYNGAMY SPOROPHYTE SPOROPHYTE 2N PHASE MULTICELLULAR SPORE PRODUCING PHASE MEIOSIS GAMETE SPERM 1N GAMETE EGG 1N SPORES 1N MITOSIS GAMETOCYTES 1N GAMETOPHYTE 1N PHASE MULTICELLULAR GAMETE PRODUCING PHASE MITOSIS

55 ^ GAMETOPHYTE CHARACTERS

56 MICROGAMETOPHYTE?

57 MICROGAMETOPHYTE P = PINUS?

58 MICROGAMETOPHYTE? PINUS POLLEN GRAIN

59 MICROGAMETOPHYTE P? PINUS POLLEN GRAIN

60 MICROGAMETOPHYTE? PROTHALLIAL CELLS PINUS POLLEN GRAIN

61 MICROGAMETOPHYTE G? PROTHALLIAL CELLS PINUS POLLEN GRAIN

62 MICROGAMETOPHYTE? GENERATIVE CELL PROTHALLIAL CELLS PINUS POLLEN GRAIN

63 MICROGAMETOPHYTE T GENERATIVE CELL PROTHALLIAL CELLS PINUS? POLLEN GRAIN

64 MICROGAMETOPHYTE > GENERATIVE CELL PROTHALLIAL CELLS PINUS TUBE CELL POLLEN GRAIN

65 MICROGAMETOPHYTE ^ GYMNOSPERM MICROGAMETOPHYTE HIGHLY REDUCED POLLEN GRAIN

66 MEGAGAMETOPHYTE?

67 OVULE A MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE MEGASPORANGIUM? L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

68 OVULE > MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE MEGASPORANGIUM ARCHEGONIA L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

69 OVULE PT MEGAGAMETOPHYTE POLLINATION 1N MEGASPORANGIUM 1N L.S. EGG PINUS POLLEN GRAINS INTEGUMENT

70 OVULE S MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 1N MEGASPORANGIUM 1N L.S. EGG PINUS POLLEN TUBE POLLEN GRAINS INTEGUMENT

71 OVULE S MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 1N MEGASPORANGIUM 1N L.S. EGG PINUS SPERM POLLEN GRAINS INTEGUMENT

72 OVULE Z MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 2N MEGASPORANGIUM 2N SYNGAMY L.S. PINUS POLLEN TUBE POLLEN GRAINS INTEGUMENT

73 OVULE M MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 2N MEGASPORANGIUM 2N L.S. ZYGOTE PINUS POLLEN TUBE POLLEN GRAINS INTEGUMENT

74 OVULE + MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 2N MEGASPORANGIUM 2N L.S. MITOSIS PINUS POLLEN TUBE POLLEN GRAINS INTEGUMENT

75 SEED P MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 2N MEGASPORANGIUM 2N EMBRYO L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

76 SEED MEGAGAMETOPHYTE POLYEMBRYONY MICROPYLE P 2N MEGASPORANGIUM 2N EMBRYO L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

77 POLYEMBRYONY

78 GYMNOSPERM POLYEMBRYONY 1+ EMBRYO/SEED GYMNOSPERM POLYEMBRYONY

79 SEED MEGAGAMETOPHYTE POLYEMBRYONY MICROPYLE 1 2N MEGASPORANGIUM 2N EMBRYO L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

80 SEED MEGAGAMETOPHYTE POLYEMBRYONY MICROPYLE N 2N MEGASPORANGIUM EMBRYO L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

81 NATURAL SELECTION > MEGAGAMETOPHYTE MICROPYLE 2N MEGASPORANGIUM EMBRYO L.S. PINUS INTEGUMENT

82 ^ GYMNOSPERMS EMBRYO UNDERGOES NATURAL SELECTION PRIOR TO GERMINATION

83 SPERM M

84 N GYMNOSPERMS SPERM MULTIFLAGELLATED

85 GYMNOSPERMS SPERM MULTIFLAGELLATED OR NON-FLAGELLATED

86 GYMNOSPERM LIFE CYCLE ^ MITOSIS SPOROCYTES 2N ZYGOTE 2N SYNGAMY SPOROPHYTE SPOROPHYTE 2N PHASE MULTICELLULAR SPORE PRODUCING PHASE MEIOSIS GAMETE SPERM 1N GAMETE EGG 1N SPORES 1N MITOSIS GAMETOCYTES 1N GAMETOPHYTE 1N PHASE MULTICELLULAR GAMETE PRODUCING PHASE MITOSIS

87 REPRODUCTION ^

88 M MONOECIOUS GYMNOSPERM VS DIOECIOUS GYMNOSPERM

89 MONOECIOUS GYMNOSPERM

90 GYMNOSPERM > MONOECIOUS MICROSPORANGIA AND MEGASPORANGIA SAME PLANT GYMNOSPERM MONOECIOUS

91 PINUS

92 PINUS

93 PINUS MICROSPORANGIA MICROSTROBILI

94 MEGASTROBILI MEGASPORANGIA PINUS M MICROSPORANGIA MICROSTROBILI

95 MEGASPORANGIA PINUS ^ D MONOECIOUS MICROSPORANGIA

96 DIOECIOUS GYMNOSPERM

97 GYMNOSPERM > DIOECIOUS MICROSPORANGIA AND MEGASPORANGIA DIFFERENT PLANTS GYMNOSPERM DIOECIOUS

98 ?

99 GINKGO M

100 GINKGO M MICROSTROBILI