Introduction to Plants
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1 Introduction to Plants Name 5 reasons why we think plants are A OK Plant Cells: Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. They develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b. Daintrey s Doings! : ) 1
2 2. Photosynthesis Plants are photosynthetic. Organelles called chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy (food) in the form of sugar. 6CO2 + 6H2Oà C6H12O6 + 6O2 3. What Do Plants Need to Survive? The Sun energy source for the photosynthesis reaction Carbon Dioxide a reactant in the photosynthesis reaction Nitrogen to facilitate growth Openings in the plant to bring in CO2 for photosynthesis and remove O2 Transport of Water and Nutrients-to move products of photosynthesis down from the leaves to the roots and water up from the soil to the leaves. 4. Life in the water has its advantages: à The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green algae living today. They are supported by the buoyancy of water Every cell has easy access to water and nourishment through diffusion Daintrey s Doings! : ) 2
3 Reproduction can occur via the release of sperm and eggs into water 5. Plant Evolution There are two main types of plants: 1. Nonvascular Plants-Byrophytes 2. Vascular Plants Tracheophytes (Include Ferns, Angiosperms, and Gymnosperms) This means they either have a system to bring water to their bodies or, they do not! If they don t do you think they would be able to grow very tall? The adaptation of plants to life on land was a long slow process. à Algae that could live at least part of the time out of water evolved about million years ago. à From these, at least two groups of algae-like land plants, Phylum Tracheophyta and Phylum Bryophyta evolved between mya To live successfully on land what might come in handy if you were a plant? 1. Roots 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Ability to get sunlight Daintrey s Doings! : ) 3
4 6. The Plant Body a. The root system has three main functions: i. Roots penetrate soil to collect water and nutrients. ii. They anchor the plant. iii. In many plants the roots are also areas of food storage. b. The shoot system has three main functions: i. Stems serve as a framework to position leaves in the sunlight and as a connection between roots and leaves. ii. iii. Leaves are the main location for photosynthesis. Flowers and fruit are for reproduction. c. General features of the leaf i. Leaves are the sites of most photosynthesis. ii. The veins in a leaf are continuous with the xylem and phloem in the stem so they can provide water and nutrients and remove the sugar produced by photosynthesis. Remember the difference in the vein arrangement between monocots and dicots. iii. Anatomy of a leaf (1) Epidermis is found on the top and bottom of the leaf. The waxy cuticle covers the leaf to prevent injury and water loss. Daintrey s Doings! : ) 4
5 (2) Stomata (singular, stoma) are found mostly on the lower side of leaf epidermis. These tiny openings allow gas exchange. (a) Special cells called guard cells flanking stomata open and close them. This allows the plant to control the passage of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour. (3) Mesophyll are masses of parenchyma cells through which veins run. They are packed with chloroplasts and are the main site of photosynthesis. (b) (a) Palisade mesophyll cells are long and narrow like stakes. They are found in the upper layer of the leaf. Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed with air spaces between them. The air spaces are connected to stomata and allow for a more efficient movement of gases throughout the leaf 7. Alternation of Generation: All plants have a life cycle in which a diploid sporophyte generation alternates with a haploid gametophyte generation. What does that mean? Sporophyte- a diploid or spore producing of an organism (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) Gametophyte- haploid or gamete producing phase of an organism (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION) Haploid- has half the amount of DNA as a regular cell (One set of chromosomes) Diploid- has two sets of chromosomes like most cells Daintrey s Doings! : ) 5
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