PreAP Biology Fall Semester Review Questions for the Final Exam will not be taken from this Review.

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1 PreAP Biology Fall Semester Review Questions for the Final Exam will not be taken from this Review. Fall Semester Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is NOT a goal of science? a. to investigate and understand the natural world b. to explain events in the natural world c. to use data to support a particular point of view d. to use derived explanations to make useful predictions 2. The work of scientists usually begins with a. testing a hypothesis. c. creating experiments. b. careful observations. d. drawing conclusions. 3. A hypothesis a. can be completely proven. b. may be disproved by a single experiment. c. does not have to be tested to be accepted as probably correct. d. is a proven fact. 4. Hypotheses may arise from a. prior knowledge. c. informed, creative imagination. b. logical inferences. d. all of the above 5. Which of the following is a valid hypothesis for why a plant appears to be dying? a. The plant is not being watered enough. b. The plant is being watered too much. c. The plant is receiving too much sunlight. d. all of the above 6. In science, a hypothesis is useful only if a. it is proven correct. c. it can be tested. b. it can be proven incorrect. d. the explanation is already known. 7. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test a. a conclusion. c. several variables. b. a mass of information. d. a single variable. 8. The ability to reproduce results is an important part of any a. hypothesis. c. law. b. theory. d. experiment. 9. When enough experimental data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a(an) a. fact. c. inference. b. theory. d. conclusion. 10. Which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why birds fly south for the winter? a. Living things respond to their environment. b. Living things maintain internal balance. c. Living things are made up of units called cells. d. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. 11. The amount of light and temperature are examples of a. factors necessary for life. c. factors to which living things respond. b. methods of energy production. d. factors that affect reproduction. 2

2 12. What is the term for the land, water, and air on Earth? a. population c. biosphere b. community d. environment 13. Which of the following terms includes all the others? a. biologist c. zoologist b. botanist d. paleontologist 14. On the Celsius temperature scale, how many degrees are between the freezing and boiling points of water? a. 68 c. 212 b. 100 d To observe a small, living organism, a scientist might use a(an) a. electronic balance. c. compound light microscope. b. TEM. d. electron microscope. 16. An instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image is a(an) a. compound light microscope. c. TEM. b. electron microscope. d. SEM. 17. The best instrument to use to separate the liquid portion from the solid portions in whole blood is a(an) a. compound light microscope. c. test tube. b. centrifuge. d. electron microscope. 18. What technique is used to separate different cell parts? a. microscopy c. cell fractionation b. cell culture d. all of the above 19. Which of the following is NOT considered a safety procedure? a. Read all the steps in your activity before doing it. b. If in doubt about any part of an activity, trust your instincts. c. Follow your teacher s instructions. d. Follow the textbook directions exactly. 20. The three particles that make up atoms are a. protons, neutrons, and isotopes. c. positives, negatives, and electrons. b. neutrons, isotopes, and electrons. d. protons, neutrons, and electrons. 21. Democritus believed that atoms a. were composed of electrons. c. could be divided. b. were composed of protons. d. could not be divided. 22. If a chlorine atom had 17 protons and 18 neutrons, it would be called a. chlorine-17. c. chlorine-35. b. chlorine-18. d. chlorine Which of the following is a use of radioactive isotopes? a. can determine the ages of rocks and fossils b. can be used to treat cancer and kill bacteria that cause food to spoil c. can be used as tracers to follow the movements of substances within organisms d. all of the above 24. If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is a. 1. c. 12. b. 11. d

3 25. Which of the following statements about a compound is true? a. The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed. b. Only the physical properties of a compound are usually the same as those of the elements from which it is formed. c. Only the chemical properties of a compound are usually the same as those of the elements from which it is formed. d. The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually the same as those of the elements from which it is formed. 26. A covalent bond is formed as the result of a. transferring electrons. c. transferring protons. b. sharing an electron pair. d. sharing a proton pair. 27. Which term does NOT apply to sodium chloride? a. molecule c. compound b. ionic bonding d. crystal 28. What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons? a. neutral c. negative b. positive d. possibly positive or negative 29. The most abundant compound in most living things is a. carbon dioxide. c. sodium chloride. b. water. d. sugar. 30. When salt is dissolved in water, water is the a. reactant. c. solute. b. solution. d. solvent. 31. Suspensions are mixtures a. of water and undissolved material. b. in which the components are evenly distributed throughout the solution. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 32. A map of eastern North America, showing the ph of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the ph of rain in New York State varies from 4.22 to According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York State has a ph of a c b d A substance with a ph of 6 is called a. an acid. c. both an acid and a base. b. a base. d. neither an acid nor a base. 34. Solutions that contain concentrations of H + ions lower than pure water a. have ph values below 7. c. are bases. b. are acids. d. are enzymes. 35. Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3. a. CO 2, H 2 O, and H 2 CO 3 c. H 2 CO 3 b. CO 2 and H 2 O d. CO What is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals? a. cohesion c. chemical reaction b. adhesion d. dissolving 3

4 37. If a reaction in one direction releases energy, the reaction in the opposite direction a. also releases energy. c. destroys energy. b. absorbs energy. d. cannot occur. 38. Which of the following is a form of energy that may be released during a chemical reaction? a. heat c. light b. sound d. all of the above 39. Which of the following statements is true about catalysts? a. Catalysts slow down the rate of chemical reactions. b. All catalysts are enzymes. c. Catalysts are used up during a chemical reaction. d. Catalysts lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. 40. A substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(an) a. catalyst. c. molecule. b. lipid. d. element. 41. Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells? a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c. Matthias Schleiden b. Robert Hooke d. Rudolf Virchow 42. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that a. all plants are made of cells. b. all animals are made of cells. c. plants and animals have specialized cells. d. all plants and animals are made of cells. 43. The cell theory applies to a. bacteria. c. multicellular organisms. b. plants and animals. d. all of the above 44. Which type(s) of microscopes can produce three-dimensional images of cells? a. transmission electron microscopes c. both A and B b. scanning electron microscopes d. neither A nor B 45. Researchers use fluorescent labels and light microscopy to a. produce movies of cells as they grow, divide, and develop. b. scan cells with laser beams. c. follow molecules moving through the cell. d. build three-dimensional images of cells. 46. Prokaryotes lack a. cytoplasm. c. a nucleus. b. a cell membrane. d. genetic material. 47. Eukaryotes usually contain a. a nucleus. c. genetic material. b. specialized organelles. d. all of the above 48. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes? a. plants c. bacteria b. animals d. all of the above 49. Which of the following is a function of the nucleus? a. stores DNA b. controls most of the cell s processes c. contains the information needed to make proteins d. all of the above 4

5 50. Which organelles help provide cells with energy? a. mitochondria and chloroplasts c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes 51. Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell? a. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cell b. ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus d. mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane 52. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells? a. mitochondrion c. chloroplast b. ribosome d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum 53. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? a. helps the cell maintain its shape b. helps the cell move c. prevents chromosomes from separating d. helps organelles within the cell move 54. You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms? a. plants c. fungi b. animals d. all of the above 55. Which of the following structures serves as the cell s boundary from its environment? a. mitochondrion c. chloroplast b. cell membrane d. channel proteins 56. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a. an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. b. an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. c. an area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration. d. all of the above 57. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will a. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell. b. stop moving across the membrane. c. move across the membrane in both directions. d. move across the membrane to the inside of the cell. 58. Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell? a. diffusion c. facilitated diffusion b. osmosis d. active transport 59. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes a. water to move into the cell. c. solutes to move into the cell. b. water to move out of the cell. d. solutes to move out of the cell. 60. The cells of multicellular organisms are a. smaller than those of unicellular organisms. b. simpler than those of unicellular organisms. c. specialized to perform different tasks. d. not dependent on one another. 61. All of the following are examples of cell specialization EXCEPT a. a pancreatic cell that produces protein-digesting enzymes. b. muscle cells that control movement of materials in the body c. a prokaryotic cell that carries out photosynthesis. d. a red blood cell that carries oxygen. 5

6 62. Which of the following is an example of an organ? a. heart c. digestive system b. epithelial tissue d. nerve cell 63. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a(an) a. organ. c. tissue. b. organ system. d. division of labor. 64. An organ system is a group of organs that a. are made up of similar cells. b. are made up of similar tissues. c. work together to perform a specific function. d. work together to perform all the functions in a multicellular organism. 65. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level? a. cell, tissue, organ system c. tissue, organ, organ system b. organ system, organ, tissue, cell d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system 66. Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called a. autotrophs. c. thylakoids. b. heterotrophs. d. plants. 67. Which of the following is an autotroph? a. mushroom c. leopard b. impala d. tree 68. Which of the following is NOT an example of a heterotroph? a. mushroom c. grass b. leopard d. human Figure Look at Figure 8 1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT a. structure A. c. structure C. b. structure B. d. structure D. 70. Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from a. water. c. carbon dioxide in the air. b. the soil. d. oxygen in the air. 71. Which scientists showed that plants need light to grow? a. van Helmont and Calvin c. van Helmont and Priestley b. Priestley and Ingenhousz d. Priestley and Calvin 6

7 72. Ingenhousz showed that plants produce oxygen bubbles when exposed to a. ATP. c. light. b. carbon dioxide. d. a burning candle. 73. Suppose Priestley repeated his experiment using many kinds of plants besides mint, and that when different plants were placed under the jar the candle remained lighted for different periods of time. What would be a logical conclusion from these experiments? a. Different plants require different amounts of water. b. Different plants release different amounts of carbon dioxide. c. Different plants require different amounts of light. d. Different plants release different amounts of oxygen. 74. Which of the following is(are) used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis? a. carbon dioxide c. light b. water d. all of the above 75. In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules of a. glucose. c. oxygen. b. water. d. ATP. 76. Which region of the visible spectrum is not absorbed well by chlorophyll? a. blue c. green b. violet d. red 77. Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found? a. in the stroma c. in the ATP b. in the thylakoid d. in the glucose 78. Which of the following is false? a. A chloroplast contains stroma. c. A granum contains several thylakoids. b. A stroma contains a thylakoid. d. A thylakoid contains chlorophyll. 79. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? a. in the stroma c. within the thylakoid membranes b. in the mitochondria d. only in chlorophyll molecules 80. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions? a. oxygen gas c. NADPH b. ATP d. all of the above 81. Which step is the beginning of photosynthesis? a. Pigments in photosystem I absorb light. b. Pigments in photosystem II absorb light. c. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain. d. ATP synthase allows H + ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane. 82. Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reactions? a. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain. b. Pigments in photosystem II absorb light. c. ATP synthase allows H + ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane. d. ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars. 83. Which of the following is inside the thylakoid membrane? a. electron transport chain c. ATP synthase b. photosystem I d. all of the above 7

8 84. Why does the inside of the thylakoid membrane become positively charged during the light-dependent reactions? a. H + ions are released as water splits. b. ATP synthase allows H + ions to pass through the membrane. c. ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP. d. Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma. 85. What is a product of the Calvin cycle? a. oxygen gas c. high-energy sugars b. ATP d. carbon dioxide gas 86. If you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens? a. The rate of photosynthesis increases with light intensity. b. The rate of photosynthesis decreases with light intensity. c. The rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off. d. The rate of photosynthesis does not change. Figure Which of the graphs in Figure 8 2 represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? a. A c. C b. B d. D 88. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration? a. glycolysis fermentation Krebs cycle b. Krebs cycle electron transport glycolysis c. glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport d. Krebs cycle glycolysis electron transport 89. Which of the following is released during cellular respiration? a. oxygen c. energy b. air d. lactic acid 90. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down a. food molecules. c. carbon dioxide. b. ATP. d. water. 91. Which of these is a product of cellular respiration? a. oxygen c. glucose b. water d. all of the above 8

9 92. The starting molecule for glycolysis is a. ADP. c. citric acid. b. pyruvic acid. d. glucose. 93. Which of the following acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration? a. NAD + c. ADP b. pyruvic acid d. ATP 94. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in a. bread dough. c. muscle cells. b. any environment containing oxygen. d. mitochondria. 95. The two main types of fermentation are called a. alcoholic and aerobic. c. alcoholic and lactic acid. b. aerobic and anaerobic. d. lactic acid and anaerobic. 96. One cause of muscle soreness is a. alcoholic fermentation. c. lactic acid fermentation. b. glycolysis. d. the Krebs cycle. 97. Milk is converted to yogurt under certain conditions when the microorganisms in the milk produce acid. Which of these processes would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt? a. the Krebs cycle c. alcoholic fermentation b. photosynthesis d. lactic acid fermentation 98. During lactic acid fermentation, a. NAD + is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue. b. glucose is split into three pyruvic acid molecules. c. oxygen is required. d. 3 ATP molecules are produced. 99. Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration? a. tree c. anaerobic bacterium b. mushroom d. tiger 100. The Krebs cycle does not occur if a. oxygen is present. c. glycolysis occurs. b. fermentation occurs. d. carbon dioxide is present The Krebs cycle starts with a. lactic acid and yields carbon dioxide. b. glucose and yields 32 ATPs. c. pyruvic acid and yields lactic acid or alcohol. d. pyruvic acid and yields carbon dioxide The electron transport chain can be found in a. prokaryotes. c. plants. b. animals. d. all of the above 103. Each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to a. transport water molecules across the membrane. b. convert 3 ADP molecules into 3 ATP molecules. c. convert carbon dioxide into water molecules. d. break glucose into pyruvic acid Breathing heavily after running a race is your body s way of a. making more citric acid. c. restarting glycolysis. b. repaying an oxygen debt. d. recharging the electron transport chain. 9

10 105. When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out a. lactic acid fermentation. c. cellular respiration. b. alcoholic fermentation. d. glycolysis If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time that you exercise? a. at least 90 seconds c. 15 to 20 minutes b. less than 15 minutes d. more than 20 minutes 107. The energy needed to win a 2-minute footrace is produced mostly by a. lactic acid fermentation. c. using up stores of ATP. b. cellular respiration. d. breaking down fats Which statement mainly explains why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours? a. Lactic acid fermentation can cause muscle soreness. b. Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of lactic acid. c. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does. d. all of the above 109. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes? a. Photosynthesis releases energy, and cellular respiration stores energy. b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. c. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. d. all of the above 110. As a cell becomes larger, its a. volume increases faster than its surface area. b. surface area increases faster than its volume. c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the same. d. surface area stays the same, but its volume increases If the surface area of a cell increases 100 times, its volume increases about a. 5 times. c. 100 times. b. 10 times. d times The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell depends on the cell s a. ratio of surface area to volume. c. volume. b. environment. d. surface area The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called a. cell division. c. interphase. b. metaphase. d. mitosis Which of the following happens when a cell divides? a. The cell s volume increases. b. It becomes more difficult for the cell to get enough oxygen and nutrients. c. The cell has DNA overload. d. Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell s DNA When during the cell cycle is a cell s DNA replicated? a. G 1 phase c. S phase b. G 2 phase d. M phase 116. Which event occurs during interphase? a. The cell grows. c. Spindle fibers begin to form. b. Centrioles appear. d. Centromeres divide. 10

11 117. Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle? a. Little happens during the G 1 and G 2 phases. b. DNA replicates during cytokinesis. c. The M phase is usually the longest phase. d. Interphase consists of the G 1, S, and G 2 phases Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle? a. Interphase is usually the longest phase. b. DNA replicates during the S phase. c. Cell division ends with cytokinesis. d. The cell grows during the G 2 phase The cell cycle is the a. series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. b. period of time between the birth and the death of a cell. c. time from prophase until cytokinesis. d. time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis. Figure The structure labeled A in Figure 10 2 is called the a. centromere. c. sister chromatid. b. centriole. d. spindle During which phase(s) of mitosis are structures like the one shown in Figure 10 2 visible? a. anaphase and prophase c. metaphase only b. prophase and metaphase d. anaphase and interphase 122. Which of the following is a phase of mitosis? a. cytokinesis c. prophase b. interphase d. S phase 123. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell? a. prophase c. metaphase b. telophase d. anaphase 124. The two main stages of cell division are called a. mitosis and interphase. c. the M phase and the S phase. b. synthesis and cytokinesis. d. cytokinesis and mitosis During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing a. two chromosomes. c. eight chromosomes. b. four chromosomes. d. sixteen chromosomes. 11

12 126. Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this experiment show? a. When cells come into contact with other cells, they stop growing. b. The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off. c. Cell division can be regulated by factors outside the cell. d. all of the above 127. When cytoplasm from a cell that is undergoing mitosis is injected into a cell that is in interphase, the second cell a. stays in interphase. c. stops making cyclin. b. enters mitosis. d. loses its p Which of the following regulate(s) the cell cycle? a. growth factors c. p53 b. cyclins d. all of the above 129. Which of the following is an internal regulator of the cell cycle? a. cyclins c. the mitotic spindle b. growth factors d. cancer cells 130. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their a. size. c. growth rate. b. spindle fibers. d. surface area Cancer cells form masses of cells called a. tumors. c. growth factors. b. cyclins. d. p What is a tumor? a. an accumulation of cyclins b. a mass of cancer cells c. the rapidly dividing cells found at the site of a wound d. a defective p53 gene 133. Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are a. not inherited by offspring. b. inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring. c. determined by dominant factors only. d. determined by recessive factors only When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F 1 plants inherited a. an allele for tallness from each parent. b. an allele for tallness from the tall parent and an allele for shortness from the short parent. c. an allele for shortness from each parent. d. an allele from only the tall parent In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. If alleles did not segregate during gamete formation, a. all of the F 1 plants would be short. b. some of the F 1 plants would be tall and some would be short. c. all of the F 2 would be short. d. all of the F 2 plants would be tall When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? a. 1/2 c. 1/8 b. 1/4 d. 1 12

13 Tt T t TT T TT Tt T TT Tt T = Tall t = Short Figure In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11 1, which of the following is true about the offspring resulting from the cross? a. About half are expected to be short. c. About half are expected to be tall. b. All are expected to be short. d. All are expected to be tall How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY? a. 2 c. 8 b. 4 d If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy) is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many different phenotypes are their offspring expected to show? a. 2 c. 8 b. 4 d Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called a. multiple alleles. c. polygenic inheritance. b. incomplete dominance. d. multiple genes Variation in human skin color is an example of a. incomplete dominance. c. polygenic traits. b. codominance. d. multiple alleles The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol a. Z. c. N. b. X. d. Y Gametes are produced by the process of a. mitosis. c. crossing-over. b. meiosis. d. replication. 13

14 144. Chromosomes form tetrads during a. prophase I of meiosis. c. interphase. b. metaphase I of meiosis. d. anaphase II of meiosis What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes? a. Crossing-over occurs. c. Replication occurs twice. b. Metaphase occurs. d. Replication does not occur Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of a. two genetically identical cells. c. four genetically identical cells. b. four genetically different cells. d. two genetically different cells Crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis, unlike meiosis. Which of the following is the likely reason? a. Chromatids are not involved in mitosis. b. Tetrads rarely form during mitosis. c. A cell undergoing mitosis does not have homologous chromosomes. d. There is no prophase during mitosis Linked genes a. are never separated. c. are on the same chromosome. b. assort independently. d. are always recessive If the gene for seed color and the gene for seed shape in pea plants were linked, a. all of Mendel s F 1 plants would have produced wrinkled, green peas. b. Mendel s F 2 plants would have exhibited a different phenotype ratio for seed color and seed shape. c. Mendel s F 1 plants would have exhibited a different phenotype ratio for seed color and seed shape. d. all of Mendel s P plants would have produced wrinkled, green peas If two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently, a. crossing-over never occurs between the genes. b. crossing-over always occurs between the genes. c. the genes are probably located far apart from each other. d. the genes are probably located close to each other. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true Scientists are persuaded by logical arguments that are supported by evidence The variable that is deliberately changed is called the responding variable Paleontologists study dinosaurs and other ancient life The metric system is based on multiples of Microscopes produce images by focusing light rays or beams of cells In cell fractionation, the first step is to place the cells into a centrifuge The basic unit of matter is the molecule The isotope oxygen-18 has 18 protons Scientists show the composition of compounds by a kind of shorthand known as a chemical formula. 14

15 160. Adhesion is responsible for the surface of the water in a graduated cylinder that is slightly curved at the sides Water is the greatest solute in the world A substance with equal numbers of H ions and OH ions is an alkaline solution Polysaccharides are formed through the process known as polymerization The chemical reaction of CO 2 and H 2 O is irreversible Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the cell without requiring high temperatures are antibodies The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin Ribosomes stud the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum The energy in most food comes originally from sunlight If a plant and a burning candle are placed under a bell jar, the candle will burn because the plant gives off carbon dioxide Plants gather the sun s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments A plant whose leaves are naturally yellow probably contains chlorophyll as well as other light-absorbing pigments. Figure If you were to isolate the structure shown in Figure 8 3, it would appear green The light-dependent reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO 2 and ATP The Calvin cycle provides cells with compounds that can store energy for more than a few minutes Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide. 15

16 177. If an animal cell stops carrying out cellular respiration, it will die The products of glycolysis are 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Figure The pathway labeled A in Figure 9 1 is called glycolysis If carbon dioxide is not present, the pathway labeled C in Figure 9 1 usually will not occur Without the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain would produce very few ATPs NADH and FADH 2 carry electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy The first few seconds of intense exercise use up the cell s stores of fat During the course of a long race, a person s muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP The reactants of photosynthesis are the same as the reactants of cellular respiration During photosynthesis, energy is stored in the form of fats As a cell s size increases, its ratio of surface area to volume increases Cell division solves the problem of cell growth by increasing cell volume. 16

17 191. An imaginary cubic cell with a side length of 10 mm would have a ratio of surface area to volume of 6 : If it takes a cell one hour to undergo mitosis, about 50 minutes of the time would be spent in prophase Proteins called cyclins help regulate the cell cycle A trait is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another Gregor Mendel concluded that the tall plants in the P generation passed the factor for tallness to the F 1 generation An organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will sometimes exhibit that trait The probability that a gamete produced by a pea plant heterozygous for stem height (Tt) will contain the recessive allele is 100% Coat color in rabbits is determined by a single gene that has multiple alleles If an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organism s diploid number is If an organism is heterozygous for a particular gene, the two different alleles will be separated during anaphase II of meiosis, assuming that no crossing-over has occurred. Completion Complete each statement The information you gather during an experiment is called your Based on his, Redi made a prediction that keeping flies away from meat would prevent the appearance of maggots The scientist named finally settled the argument over whether or not life could arise from nonliving matter The science that seeks to understand the living world is called The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes is called A specimen smaller than 0.2 micrometers must be completely dried out before being studied using a(an) microscope The microscope is generally used in high-school laboratories The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and Water s allows it to dissolve compounds such as table salt (NaCl) The ph scale is a measurement system that indicates the concentration of in solution According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the. 17

18 Figure RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled in Figure Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called Cells keep only a small amount of on hand and regenerate it as needed by using carbohydrates Ingenhousz found that plants produce oxygen only in the presence of Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and The is a series of carrier proteins The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires A high level of lactic acid in the blood is a sign that has occurred Before a normal cell becomes too large to carry out normal activities, it will usually divide to form two cells Together, the G 1 phase, S phase, and G 2 phase are called The number of sister chromatids in a human body cell that is entering cell division is. 18

19 Figure Look at Figure The process shown occurs directly following mitosis. This process is called If a normal cell is touched on all sides by other cells and is injected with cyclin from a dividing cell, it probably will The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to produce the F 1 generation made up the generation Crossing a pink-flowered four o clock with a white-flowered four o clock will produce pink-flowered offspring and -flowered offspring An organism s gametes have the number of chromosomes found in the organism s body cells Crossing-over occurs during the stage of meiosis called The relative locations of each known gene can be shown on a map. 19