Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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1 Name Date Class CHAPTER 5 DIRECTED READING Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Section 5-1: Energy and Living Things Energy Flows Between Organisms in Living Systems In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 1. photosynthesis 2. autotroph 3. heterotroph 4. cellular respiration 5. metabolism a. building molecules that can be used as an energy source, or breaking down molecules in which energy is stored b. the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy c. an organism that uses sunlight or inorganic substances to make organic compounds d. an organism that consumes food to get energy e. the process of getting energy from food Study the following steps in the flow of energy through living systems. Determine the order in which the steps take place. Write the number of each step in the space provided. 6. Animals eat plants to get energy. 7. Plants absorb sunlight. 8. Plants use chemical energy to make organic compounds. 9. Light from the sun reaches Earth. 10. Plants convert sunlight to chemical energy. 11. What is the difference between cellular respiration and getting energy from a log by burning it? 12. Why is ATP called an energy currency? Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 5 17

2 ATP Stores and Releases Energy 13. How is energy released from ATP? 14. How is ATP important to cell metabolism? Section 5-2: Photosynthesis Photosynthetic Organisms Use the Energy in Sunlight Study the following stages of photosynthesis. Determine the order in which the stages take place. Write the order of each stage in the space provided. 1. Energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide. 2. Energy is captured from sunlight. 3. Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH. 4. Where does the energy we use come from? 5. Write the chemical equation that is used to summarize photosynthesis. In Stage One, Light Energy Is Absorbed Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided. 6. are light-absorbing substances. 7. Pigments found in plants include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and. 8. Electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are replaced by electrons from split molecules. 18 Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 5

3 In Stage Two, Light Energy Is Converted to Chemical Energy Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided. 9. ATP and are produced in the second stage of photosynthesis. 10. The series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed down a thylakoid membrane is called a(n) chain. 11. ATP is made from ADP by adding a(n) group to a molecule of ADP. In Stage Three, Energy Is Stored in Organic Compounds 12. What is the role of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis? 13. What are three environmental factors that affect photosynthesis? Section 5-3: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Produces ATP Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space provided. 1. Cells harvest the energy in organic compounds to make ATP through a process called 2. Metabolic processes that require oxygen are called processes. In Stage One, Glucose Is Broken Down During Glycolysis Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or phrase in the brackets. 3. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is called [glycolysis / respiration]. 4. The primary fuel for cellular respiration is [glucose / fat]. 5. In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to [pyruvate / carbon dioxide].. Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 5 19

4 In Stage Two, More ATP Is Made by Aerobic Respiration 6. How is acetyl-coa produced? 7. What are the products of the electron transport chain in the second stage of cellular respiration? Fermentation Follows Glycolysis in the Absence of Oxygen Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or phrase in the brackets. 8. When oxygen is not present, [the electron transport chain / glycolysis] does not function. 9. Two types of fermentation are [alcoholic / catabolic] and [lactic acid / NADH] fermentation. 10. The role of fermentation in cellular respiration is to recycle [NAD + / lactic acid]. Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided 11. What causes muscle soreness during exercise? 12. Why do cells produce more ATP under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions? 20 Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Chapter 5

5 14. Both 15. Plants 16. Both 17. Plants 18. Plants CHAPTER 4 Cells and Their Environment SECTION Passive transport is movement across a cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell. Diffusion is an example of passive transport because it does not require energy from the cell. 2. Cell membranes control the movement of substances into and out of cells. 3. Substances diffuse across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. 4. Equilibrium is a condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space. 5. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. 6. A hypertonic solution causes a cell to shrink as water moves out of the cell by osmosis. A hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell as water moves into the cell by osmosis. 7. An isotonic solution has no effect on cell volume. In a solution, equilibrium is a state in which there is no net movement of substances. Cells are in a state of equilibrium in an isotonic solution. 8. T 9. T 10. F 11. F 12. T 13. F 14. T SECTION active transport 2. energy 3. ATP 4. carrier protein 5. less 6. greater 7. potassium 8. potassium 9. Proteins and polysaccharides are too large. 10. Endocytosis involves the movement of substances into cells. Exocytosis involves the movement of substances out of cells. 11. In endocytosis, a cell membrane forms a pouch around a substance. The pouch closes up and pinches off from the membrane, enclosing the substance in a vesicle inside the cell. 12. In exocytosis, a vesicle fuses with the inner surface of a cell membrane. The outer surface of the membrane opens, releasing the contents of the vesicle outside the cell. 13. They keep the sodium content of the cell at a low level. Too much sodium in a cell would cause water to enter the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to swell or burst. They also maintain the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions, which cells use to transport substances such as glucose across cell membranes. 14. f 15. c 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. e 20. g CHAPTER 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration SECTION b 2. c 3. d 4. e 5. a During cellular respiration, stored chemical energy is released gradually in a series of enzyme-assisted reactions. When a log is burned, stored chemical energy is released quickly as heat and light. 12. ATP is called an energy currency because cells can spend it in order to carry out cellular processes that require energy. 13. Energy is released from an ATP molecule when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule, forming an ADP molecule. 14. Many of the chemical reactions of metabolism require energy. The breakdown of ATP into ADP and phosphate groups releases energy in a way that cells can use it for metabolism. SECTION Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Answer Key 185

6 4. Almost all of the energy we use comes from plants, which get their energy directly from sunlight. 5. 3CO 2 + 3H 2 O C 3 H 6 O 3 + 3O 2 6. Pigments 7. carotenoids 8. water 9. NADPH 10. electron transport 11. phosphate 12. The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide from the air, energy from ATP, and electrons from NADPH to produce organic compounds. Some of the three-carbon sugar molecules made by the Calvin cycle are used to make other substances needed for energy and growth. The other three-carbon sugar molecules are used to regenerate the five-carbon starting compound and continue the cycle. 13. light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature SECTION cellular respiration 2. aerobic 3. glycolysis 4. glucose 5. pyruvate 6. Pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion and breaks down into a carbon dioxide molecule and a two-carbon acetyl group. The acetyl group attaches to a coenzyme A molecule, forming acetyl-coa. 7. water and a large amount of ATP 8. the electron transport chain 9. alcoholic, lactic acid 10. NAD When muscle cells do not get enough oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate, which can build up in the muscle cells and cause soreness. 12. The electron transport chain, which produces a large amount of ATP, operates under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic conditions. CHAPTER 6 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction SECTION Cell division is the process by which new cells form. Gametes are reproductive cells that form by one type of cell division. 2. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule. DNA is a substance made of nucleotides that stores information about when and how to make proteins. 3. Chromosomes are structures made of DNA and associated proteins. Chromatids are the two parts of a chromosome that contain identical copies of DNA and are joined by a centromere homologous 10. diploid 11. n 12. zygote 13. Autosomes are chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual. Sex chromosomes, such as X and Y chromosomes, contain genes that determine the sex of an individual. 14. A karyotype is a photograph of the chromosomes in a dividing cell that shows the chromosomes arranged by size. 15. Persons with Down syndrome have a short stature, a round face with upper eyelids that cover the inner corner of their eyes, and varying degrees of mental retardation. 16. deletion a piece of a chromosome breaks off; duplication a chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome, which then has two copies of the genes in the fragment; inversion a chromosome fragment attaches to the same chromosome in the reverse orientation; translocation a chromosome fragment attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome SECTION division 2. interphase 3. e 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. proteins 9. cell growth (G 1 ) 10. Genes 11. Mutations in genes that produce checkpoint proteins may cause the proteins to malfunction and prevent the checkpoints from controlling cell division. Uncontrolled cell division may result in cancer. 12. chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, and viruses SECTION They move chromosomes during mitosis. 2. They help form the spindle. 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. d Biology: Principles and Explorations Directed Reading Answer Key

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