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2 An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens i

3 Publishing-in-support-of, EDUCREATION PUBLISHING RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Website: Copyright, Author All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: Price: ` The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation. Printed in India ii

4 An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens (SAUs Entrance, ICAR s JRF/SRF/NET/ARS) By C Ashwini EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011) iii

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6 Preface The present book entitled AN OBJECTIVE BOOK OF PLANT PATHOGENS combines a series of model papers which deals with brief introduction about plant pathogens, basic concepts and terminology in Mycology, Bacteriology, Virology and it is also includes recent fungal classification (Kirk et al. 2008). This book has been to cover the various courses offered by Indian Universities and it is mainly helpful for graduate and postgraduate students for various SAUs exams and other competitive examinations like SRF, JRF, NET and ARS conducted by ICAR. I feel immense pleasure in taking this opportunity of expressing my profound, humble indebtedness and deepest sense of gratitude and thanks towards my Honorable Chairman Dr. G. K. Giri, Associate Professor, Plant Pathology, PGI, Dr. P. D. K. V Akola for his valuable guidance to prepare this book. It is my proud privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. S.S. Mane, Dr. R. M. Gade and Dr. R.W. Ingle, Department of Plant Pathology, Post graduate Institute, Dr. P. D. K. VAkola. ***** - (C. ASHWINI) v

7 About The Author C. Ashwini did her B.Sc. (Agriculture) in 2010 and M.Sc. (Plant Pathology) in 2012 from Dr. P.D.K.V, Akola (Maharashtra). She has published four research papers and two short communications in peer reviewed national and inter national journals. She worked as Teaching Associate from in the Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Polasa, PJTSAU and later a Research Associate (2014) KVK, Adilabad, PJTSAU. During 2016 she switched to Teaching Associate at Agriculture Polytechnic College, Sardapur, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, Telangana. Presently she is working as Teaching Associate at Horticulture Polytechnic College, Adilabad, SKLTHSU, Hyderabad, Telangana. ***** vi

8 Content List Sr. No. Title Page no. 1. Mycology 1 2. Bacteriology Virology Model paper XI Model paper XII ANNEXURE Classification of Fungi (Ainsworth1973) Classification of Bacteria Classification of Viruses Match the Pairs 109 vii

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10 An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens Mycology 1 P a g e Model Paper I I Multiple choice questions 1. Coenocytic hypha present in lower fungal class of a) Oomycetes b) Zygomycetes c) both a & b d) Ascomycetes 2. Finger like haustoria present in genera a) Peranospora b) Albugo c) Erysiphe d) Uncinula 3. Unicellular thallus comes under a) Chytrids b) Synchytrium c) Alternaria d) both a&b 4. Aplanospores are present in a) Rhizopus b) Mucor c) Pythium d) both a & b 5. The term mastigenemes/flimmers are associated with a) Whiplash flagella b) Tinsel flagella c) flagella d) both a&b 6. Amphygynous type of antheridium present in a) Pythium b) Phytopthora c) Synchytrium d) Spongospora 7. A group of conidiophores often united at the base and free at the top a) Sporodochium b) Synnemata c) Pycnidium d) Acervulus 8. Cell wall of Oomycetes is made up of a) Chitin b) Cellulose c) Chitin of cellulose d) Murein 9. A cell from which conidia are produced a) Conidiphore b) Condiospore c) Conidiogenous cell d) Conidiamata 10. Posteriorly uniflagellate motile cells are present in the class of a) Plasmodiophromycetes b) Chytridiomycetes

11 C Ashwini c) Oomycetes d) All of these 11. Asexual reproduction stage is also called as a) Imperfect stage b) Anomorphic stage c) Telomarph stage d) both a&b 12. Haustoria will be present in the a) Inter cellular b) Intracellular c) both a & b d) Vascular bundle 13. Long rachis with lateral hair like projection present in a) Whiplash flagella b) Tinsel flagella c) both a & b d) none the above 14. The protecting covering of sterile hypae around an ascocarp is termed as a) Peridium b) Peritecium c) Apothecium d) none 15. If both gamets are motile but dissimilar is known as a) Anisogamy b) Heterogamy c) Gametogamy d) both a & b 16. Paragynous type of antheridium present in a) Pythium b) Phytopthora c) Synchytrium d) Spongospora 17. Parasexual life cycle a) Plasmogamy > Karyogamy > Haploidisation b) Karyogamy > Plasmogamy > Haploidisation c) Plasmogamy > Karyogamy > Meiosis d) Plasmogamy > Meiosis > Karyogamy 18. A structure acting as pressing organ in fungi is known as a) Rhizoids b) Appressorium c) Haustorium d) Rhizomarph 19. Special absorbing organ produced on certain hyphae by parasitic fungi a) Haustorium b) Rhizomarph c) Rhizoids d) Appresorium 20. Type of sexual reproduction in Mastigomycotina a) Gamatangial contact b) Gamatangial copulation c) Planogametic copulation d) Somatogamy 21. Motile spores are absent in Sub division a) Ascomycotina b) Zygomycotina c) Basidiomycotina d) all of these 22. Dolipore septum present in a) simple septa b) complex septa c) primary septa d) adventitious septa 23. Cruciform division observed in a) Spongospora b) Plasmodiophora 2 P a g e

12 An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens c) Synchitrium d) Both a & b 24. Isogamous Planogametic copulation seen in a) Spongospora b) Plasmodiophora c) Synchitrium d) Both a & b 25. The disease Promimnent in hilly regions like dargeeling a) Wart of potato b) Late blight of potato c) Early blight of potato d) all of these 26. An example of meiospore a) Zoospore b) Blastospore c) Arthrospore d) Basidiospore 27. Para sexual cycle first time observed in the genera a) Aspergillus nidulans b) Aspergillus niger c) Aspergillus flavus d) Aspergillus awamori 28. Isokont zoospore present in a) Pythium b) Phytopthora c) both a & b d) Synchytrium 29. Which of the following modification of fungal mycelium a) Rhizomorph b) Sclerotium c) Appresorium d) all of these 30. What type of genera gametangial contact can be seen a) Phytopthora b) Pythium c) Rhizopus d) a & b 31. Mycelium becomes organized into loosely or compactly woven tissue a) Plectenchyma b) Prosenchyma c) Pseudoparenchyma d) Parenchyma 32. Uniflagellate whiplash type of zoospore present in a) Pythium b) Phytopthora c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium 33. If gametes are dissimilar one motile another is non motile is known as a) Heterogamy b) Anisogamy c) Isogamy d) none the above 34. Organisms which are usually parasites but have ability to become saprophytes a) Facultative parasite b) Obligate saprophytes c) Facultative saprophytes d) Obligate parasites 35. Heterokont zoospore present in a) Pythium b) Phytopthora c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium 36. Fungal tissues are also called as a) Plectenchyma b) Prosenchyma c) Pseudoparenchyma d) Parenchyma 3 P a g e

13 C Ashwini 37. Nuclear cap is seen in the class of a) Plectomycetes b) Chytridiomycetes c) Oomycetes d) Zygomycetes 38. Plasmodiophoromycetes are also called as a) obligate endoparasites b) endoparasitic slime mold c) both a and b d) ectoparasitic slime mold 39. Promycelium produced by a) Teliospores b) Aeciospores c) Basidiospores d) Uredospore 40. Type of sexual reproduction in Basidiomycotina a) Somatogamy b) spermatization c) both a & b d) none the above 41. Plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis occurs at regular intervals in Sub division a) Mastigomycotina b) Zygomycotina c) Ascomycotina d) both a & b 42. Which division derive benefits from Parasexual life cycle a) Deuteromycotina b) Basidiomycotina c) Ascomycotina d) Mastigomycotina 43. In Oomycetes which type of male gametangium present a) Oogonium b) Antheridium c) Ascogonium d) Antherozoids 44. Septa that are formed in direct association of nuclear division is called as a) Adventious septa b) Complete septa c) Primary septa d) Solid septa 45. Planospores are seen in the class of a) Oomycetes b) Teliomycetes c) Pyrenomycetes d) Zygomycetes 46. Cup shaped apophysis with four sterigmata bearing sporangia present in a) Peranospora b) Slcerospora c) Bremia d) Plasmopara 47. In Oomycetes during sexual reproduction meiosis takes place in a) Zoospore b) Sporangium c) Zygote d) Gametangium 48. In which of the following genera sporangia germinate by germ tube a) Peranospora b) Slcerospora c) Bremia d) Plasmopara 49. Parenthosome present in a) Simple septa b) Complex septa c) Primary septa d) Adventitious septa 4 P a g e

14 50. Motile cells are anteriorly biflagellate in the class of a) Plasmodiophromycetes b) Chytridiomycetes c) Oomycetes d) both a and c 51. Motile haploid spores are also called as a) Zoospores b) Aplanospores c) Zygospores d) conidia 52. Determinate growth of the Sporangipores are produced by a) Albuginaceae b) Pythiaceae c) Peranosporaceae d) All of the above 53. The term Heterokaryosis is used in the case of a) Phytopthora infestans b) Rhizoctonia solani c) Rhizopus stolanifer d) Botrytis cinerea 54. The genus forming VA mycorrhiza is a) Glomus b) Acaulospora c) Gigaspora d) All of the above 55. Newly added Downeymildew genera is a) Blumeria b) Bremiella c) Basidiophora d) Bremia 56. Which of the following genus not cause downey mildew diseases a) Blumeria b) Bremiella c) Basidiophora d) Bremia 57. Predominatly, fungi are a) Unicellular b) Multicellular c) Acellular d) None of the above 58. A sclerotium refer to a modified mycelium a) A hard resting body b) food storing organ c) formed in mattres cushion d) none the above 59. Branching of sporangiophoresof Plasmopara at main axis a) Left angle b) Right angle c) Acute angle d) none of the above 60. Which of the following is diploid a) Zoospores b) Spores c) Oospores d) Conidia An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens 5 P a g e

15 C Ashwini Fill In The Blank 1. The vegetative body of fungi is called as 2. Sporangium which is cylindrical in shape is called as 3. Small sporangium with or without columella containing a few or single spore is called as 4. Sporangium with columella is called as sporangium. 5. Thallus is entirely converted into one or more reproductive structures is known as 6. Hypha grows in between cells is called as 7. Inter cellular hyphae produced special organ is called as 8. The spores formed through budding is called as 9. Asexual spore are formed after mitosis is called as 10. Terminal or inter callary cells of hypha round off and surrounded by thick wall formed as 11. Process of production of spore is called as 12. Heterokont zoospores present in 13. The fungi which transmit plant viruses belong to class 14. All Oomycetes conspicuous periplasm except in family inconspicuous 15. The individual branches of the mycelium are called 16. Zoospores never produced in the downy mildew genus 17. Organisms which are usually saprophytic but have ability to become as parasites is called as 18. Fungal tissue is referred as 19. The taxon used in classification of fungi which ends with ales is 20. The group of disease incited by the members of family Peranosporaceae is called as ***** 6 P a g e

16 An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens Answers I.Multiple choice questions: 1. c 2.b 3.d 4.d 5.b 6.b 7.b 8.b 9.c 10.b 11.d 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.a 16.a 17.a 18.b 19.a 20.a 21.d 22.b 23.d 24.d 25.a 26.d 27.a 28.c 29.d 30.d 31.a 32.d 33.a 34.c 35.c 36.a 37.b 38.c 39.a 40.c 41.d 42.a 43.b 44.a 45.a 46.c 47.d 48.a 49.b 50.d 51.a 52.b 53.d 54.d 55.c 56.a 57.b 58.a 59.b 60.c II. Fill in the blank: 1. Mycelium 11. Sporulation 2. Merosporanium 12. Plasmodiophora 3. Sporangiolum 13. Plasmodiophoromycetes 4. Rhizopus stolonifer 14. Pythiaceae 5. Holocarpic 15. Hyphae 6. Intercellular 16. Peranospora 7. Haustoria 17. Facultative parasite 8. Blastospore 18. Plectenchyma 9. Mitospore 19. Order 10. Chlamydospore 20. Downey mildew ***** 7 P a g e

17 C Ashwini Model Paper II I Multiple choice questions 1. The term ergotine related to a) Erisyphe b) Claviceps c) Elsinoe d) both a & b 2. In which of the following genera papillate sporangium present a) Phytopthora b) Pythium c) Plasmodiophora d) Synchytrium 3. Appresorium formed in genera a) Pythium b) Phytopthora c) Erysiphe d) both a & c 4. Fungus which lives with in the cells of host is called as a) Endobiotic b) Epibiotic c) Ectobiotic d) All of the above 5. Thick walled Zygospore is formed in a) Claviceps b) Pythium c) Rhizoctonia d) Rhizopus 6. Aerial hyphae produced by Rhizopus sp are a) Rhizoids b) stolons c) conidiphores d) Rhizomorphsis 7. Parasitisam of Rhizopus is a) Saprophyte b) Obligate parasite c) Facultative parasite d) Facultative saprophyte 8. Non motile spores are also called as a) Planospore b) Aplanospore c) Oospore d) Zoospore 9. The fungus in which conidium looks like a burning flame a) Venturia b) Elsinoe c) Mycospaerella d) Cochiobolus 10. Jack in a box mechanism present in a) Protunicate ascus b) Unitunicate ascus c) Bitunicate ascus d) All of these 11. Endophytic mycelium present in a) Leveillula b) Phyllactinia c) Erysiphe d) Microsphaera 12. Ectophytic mycelium present in a) Uncinula b) Phyllactinia 8 P a g e

18 An Objective Book of Plant Pathogens c) Podosphaera d) a and c 13. A restricted dikaryotic phase is observed in the Sub division of a) Ascomycotina b) Basidiomycotina c) Deuteromycotina d) Zygomycotina 14. In development of ascus binucleate middle cell is known as a) Hook cell b) Crozier c) Crook cell d) None the above 15. Honey dew stage present in a) Erisyphe b) Claviceps c) Elsinoe d) both a & b 16. Parasitism of Powdery mildew is a) Obligate parasite b) Facultative saprophyte c) Facultative parasite d) Obligate saprophyte 17. In Class Pyrenomycetes presence of fruiting body is a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium 18. Conidia are barrel shaped with flat ends and are produced in chain a) Oidium b) Oiodiopsis c) Ovulariopsis d) all the above 19. In family Dothidiaceae presence of ascocarp is a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium 20. The Unitunicate asci present in the class of a) Plectomycetes b) Pyrenomycetes c) Discomycetes d) All of these 21. Ascocarp absent in the class of a) Plectomycetes b) Pyrenomycetes c) Hemiascomycetes d) Discomycetes 22. Rhomboid shape of conidia present in a) Oidium b) Oidiopsis c) Ovulariopsis d) all the above 23. In Venturia which type of fruiting body present a) Pseudothecium b) Apothecium c) Perithecium d) Cliestothecium 24. Karyogamy takes place in Pyronema life cycle a) Crook cell b) Ascus mother cell c) Ascogonium d) Ascogenous hyphe 25. In Basidiocarp which type of mycelium present a) Primary mycelium b) Secondary mycelium c) Tertiary mycelium d) both a & b 9 P a g e

19 C Ashwini 26. The members of Sub division Basdiomycotina are commonly called as a) Gill fungi b) Club fungi c) Bracket fungi d) all the above 27. Monomorphic zoospores present in a) Pythiaceae b) Albuginaceae c) Peranosporaceae d) All the above 28. Sporidia are fused to form H shaped structures in a) Tilletia b) Neovossia c) Urocystis d) Ustilago 29. Tertiary mycelium absent in a) Rust b) Smut c) both a & b d) none the above 30. Dolipore septum absent in a) Rust b) both a & c c) Smut d) none 31. An Example of Basidiocarp is a) Puff balls b) Earth stars c) Bracket fungi d) all of this 32. An example of Obligate Parasites a) Rust b) Smut c) Downy mildews d) a & c 33. Sporophores are formed through a) Primary mycelium b) Secondary mycelium c) Tertiary mycelium d) a & b 34. Spores are released violently and such spores are called as a) Blastospores b) Ballistospore c) Arthrospore d) none 35. Spore discharge first examined by a) Buller b) Muller c) Pontercervo d) Prevost 36. Basidiocarps are absent in a) Rust b) Smut c) both a & b d) Ganoderma 37. Sex organs are absent in a) Rust b) smut c) both a & b d) none the above 38. In Rust life cycle the haploid spore is a) Aeciospore b) Urerdiospore c) Teleutospore d) Pycniospore 39. Which of the following is a basidiomata a) Bird nest fungi b) Stink horns 10 P a g e

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