BIOL 153L General Biology II Lab Black Hills State University Lab 6: Fungi Read before starting!
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1 BIOL 153L General Biology II Lab Black Hills State University Lab 6: Fungi Read before starting! This will be a take-home lab. We recommend that you complete this handout in the order presented work through the 'lab' portion first, and watch the movie second. Material from this take-home exercise will be included on Lab Exam 1. If you have questions, an instructor will be in the lab room (Jonas 143) on Tuesday and Thursday 9-10, 12-1, and 3-4. This completed handout is due in your scheduled lab period next week. FUNGI are eukaryotic, non-photosynethetic organisms that include both single and multi-cellular species. Because many fungi, such as mushrooms, look like plants and are non-mobile, fungi have historically been classified as plants; moreover, some fungi form close symbiotic relationships with green algae and/or cyanobacteria, and thus functionally may be regarded as photosynthetic. Fungi are sometimes called absorptive heterotrophs because they secrete substances that dissolve their food and this food can be just about anything (e.g., living and dead plants and animals, glass, petroleum, paint, rocks, etc.). Fungi have enormous ecological impacts they, along with bacteria, are the primary decomposers on earth. Fungi are composed of filaments called hyphae. They grow from the tips of hyphae, and hyphae will mass together to form a mycelial mat. So-called 'fruiting bodies,' such as mushroom caps, are formed by many hyphae together. Interestingly, molecular data indicate that fungi are more closely allied to animals than they are to plants! Fungal cell walls are made of chitin, the substance found in arthropod exoskeletons, rather than the cellulose found in plant cell walls. Fungal infections are difficult to treat substances that kill fungi are often toxic to animals. Because of historical classification of fungi with plants, as well as their close association with certain photosynthetic organisms, this lab provides an overview of major fungal groups (i.e., Zygomecetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes). Fungi often have complicated life histories! However, they tend to follow patterns. Here are issues you should consider for each example presented: What is most notable about this example (e.g., appearance, natural history, etc.)? What is the name of the structures that produce the spores? Where are these structures found? Are the spores produced sexually or asexually? Do the spores have a special name, or are they just generically called 'spores?' 1. Zygomycetes are a group of filamentous fungi that mostly reproduce asexually. Most members of this group live on decaying organic matter in the soil, while a few are parasites. 1a. Black bread mold, Rhizopus, is probably the best known zygomycete. The black fuzz represents asexual, spore-producing sporangia. Extensive mycelia occur throughout the bread, absorbing the nutrients. Because of this, moldy bread should not be consumed, even if the surface mold is scraped away the interior is likely still full of fungal hyphae, which may contain toxins or carcinogens. 1
2 Observe images of black bread mold: go online and type 'black bread mold.' Use an image showing a piece of moldy bread with labeled fungal parts. Draw this, being sure to identify a fruiting body, spores, and hyphae. Examine microscope image of black bread mold. Go online and type 'Rhizopus microscope.' Choose a microscope image of actual Rhizopus rather than a line drawing. Hyphae grow throughout the food source, absorbing nutrients. Stalked sporangiophores erupt from the surface at their base they have root-like rhizoids and at their tips they have spore-producing sporangia (or sporangium singular). Young sporangia are white, and mature sporangia are black due to the grey spores (see your lecture notes and textbook, chapter 14, Fig , p. 289). Sporangiophores ==> Sporangia/Sporangium ==> Spores (asexual) Sketch Rhizopus label hyphae/mycelium, stolon, rhizoid, sporangiophore, sporangium, and spores. 1b. Pilobolus grows on dung. Use your textbook index to find page number(s) for information on Pilobolus. Read the information, and then respond to the following questions: Sketch a Pilobolus fruiting body. Label sporangiophore, sporangium, spores, and hyphae. 2
3 How does Pilobolus release spores? (Use the terms sporangium and spores in your response.) What is the role of light in the release of a Pilobolus sporangium? What is the role of grazers in the distribution of Pilobolus spores? 2. Ascomycetes, which can be unicellular (such as yeasts) or filamentous, are a large group of ecologically and economically important fungi. They are sometimes called 'sac fungi' because they often produce sexual spores in the sac-like ascus structure. This group includes prized Morel and truffles, the yeasts that produce bread and beer, and molds that make Brie, blue cheese and soy sauce. Medically, the antibiotic Penicillin (from Penicillium) revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, while Ciclosporin (from Tolypocladium) is an important immunosuppressor drug. Unfortunately, this group also has members that cause serious economic and health damage. For example, non-native ascomycete fungi nearly eliminated American Elm (Dutch Elm Disease) and American Chestnut (Chestnut Blight) in North America. Ergot infected rye causes St. Anthony s Fire (hallucinations and a burning sensation), and Aspergillus flavus infected peanuts produce highly carcinogenic aflatoxin. Athlete s foot, jock itch, ring worm, and yeast infections such as thrush, are also caused by ascomycetes (see textbook, chapter 14, pp ). 2a. Penicillium is an asexual fungus that produces asexual fungal spores outside a sporangium these spores are called conidia (or conidium singular) and are formed at the tips of branched hyphae called conidiophores. Filtrates collected from Penicillium ushered in the antibiotic age (sulfa drugs were already available but not as safe or effective). Penicillin saved the lives of many soldiers during World War II, and was available for civilian use in 1945 (textbook, chapter 14, pp ). Conidiophores ==> Conidia/Conidium (asexual) 3
4 Do an online image search to find Penicillium growing on a lemon. Describe and/or draw this. View Penicillium conidia in textbook figure 14-24a (p. 295). Sketch Penicillum label conidiophores and conidia. Although not labelled, this image is likely magnified 250X. Penicillium does not produce antibiotics specifically for humans! It makes it for itself. Why do you think it produces antibiotic substances? 2b. Peziza has a 'fruiting body' that is cup-shaped, and it is often reddish orange with a rubbery texture. It is commonly found on rotting wood or dung. The cup is lined with a fertile layer called hymenium. Within the hymenium, asci (aka sacs) are packed together; ascospores form within the asci by sexual reproduction. (See chapter 14, pp ; Fig shows an example life cycle). Hymenium ==> Asci/Ascus ==> Ascospores (sexual) Go online and find an image of a whole (not microscopic) Peziza cup sketch and label the location of the hymenium (location of asci and ascospore). 4
5 Go online and find an image of a magnified Peziza hymenium. Sketch and label hymenium, asci (or ascus singular), ascospores, and paraphysis. Peziza cups are small and found on the surface of soil or rotting organic materials. Where is the main body of this fungus found? 3. Basidiomycetes include some of the most familiar fungi mushrooms, toadstools, shelf fungi, and puffballs. Less familiar rusts and smuts, which are plant pathogens, are also part of this group. Basidiomycetes are characterized by microscopic, club-shaped structures called basidia (or basidium singular) that produce basidospores by sexual reproduction. The familiar members have a macroscopic fruiting structure called the basidiocarp. (See BIOL 153 lecture notes; textbook, chapter 14, pp ; figure shows an example life cycle.) Basidia/Basidium ==> Basidiospores Identify mushroom structures. The mushroom is characterized by a cap (aka pileus), stalk (aka stipe or stem), and ring (aka annulus). Immature button mushrooms are enveloped by a veil (the ring is a remnant of the veil). The mushroom is a fruiting body it is connected to an underground mycelial mat. Spore-producing basidia are found on the underside of the cap in the gills or pores. Consult lecture notes, or search online for 'mushroom parts.' Sketch a mature mushroom label cap, stalk, ring, and gills or pores. Draw an arrow showing the location of basidia. 5
6 3a. Coprinus, or the shaggy mane mushroom, has gills that liquefy into black ink as they mature. Watch the video 'Mature Coprinus comatus decomposition' using the link below: Now let's look the structure and function of Coprinus more closely. View basidium and basidiospores. Consult lecture notes and textbook figure 14-26, p Sketch and label a basidium with four basidiospores. View a longitudinal section through a Coprinus cap (see textbook figure 14-30a, p. 299). Sketch and label gills and basidia. Go online and search for 'Coprinus cap cross section.' Sketch this cross section and label cap, stalk, gills, and basidia. 4. Watch movie: After completing the lab portion above, watch the BBC documentary 'The Magic of Mushrooms' (uploaded by Alicia Bagley, minutes) and answer the following questions. Be sure that you have the correct movie this isn t a movie focused on psychedelic 'magic' mushrooms, but rather focuses on fungi in general. We recommend quickly reading the questions before starting the movie. The YouTube link is below: 6
7 1. Name at least 4 products in the grocery store that are composed of, or produced by, fungi. 2. Describe spore prints. What are they? How do they help with species ID? 3. According to the video, the sole purpose of a mushroom fruiting body is to produce spores. How many spores can a fungus produce, and how are they released to the environment? 4. What is a Buller s drop, and how does this lead to spore dispersal. (Where does it form? What does it do?) 5. Where is the majority of a fungi s biomass found? Explain the difference between the fungal fruiting body and its hyphae/mycelial mat. 7
8 6. Fungi and plant roots can be symbiotic; mycorrhizal fungi will surround or penetrate plant roots. How do the fungi benefit from this relationship? How does the plant benefit? 7. According to the movie, what is the world's biggest organism? How big is it? How old is it? 8. How may fungi be used to replace plastic/styrofoam waste? How are oyster mushrooms used for bioremediation (mushroom eating the pollutants)? 9. What is the most poisonous mushroom? 8
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