12/28/11. Introduction to Microbiology. Eukaryote microorganisms: The Fungi. Dr A. Fleming

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1 Lecture Preview: The Fungi What you will learn: 1. Fungi are eukaryotes 2. Usually filamantous (hyphae) 3. Spore bearing Introduction to Microbiology Eukaryote microorganisms: The Fungi 4. Can be pathogenic or beneficial to plants and animals 5. Can reproduce asexually and sexually Dr A. Fleming FUNGAL EVOLUTION evolved between 1000 and 700 million years ago Domain: Fungi The Fungi: Constitute a monophyletic group - derived from a common ancestor 1

2 Fungal general features: Evidence suggests fungi are more closely related to animals than either plants or protists Generally composed of filamentous hyphae (A mass of hyphae = a mycelium) Non-photosynthetic Non-motile most are saprophytic absorb organic materials from dead organisms Fungal distribution Primarily terrestrial Fungal general structure: Vegetative structure is called a thallus It varies in size from single cell yeasts Global - from polar to tropical regions Associate with plants and animals Can be pathogenic -to multicellular molds (Penicillium) Can form beneficial symbiotic relationships 90,000 species so far, maybe >1.5 million species -and macroscopic mushrooms (densely packed hyphae form a large mycelial mass) 2

3 Fungal cell wall Cell can be encased in chitin Tough polysaccharide containing N-acetylglucosamine Hyphae Hyphae define fungi The thallus of a mold comprises long thread-like hyphae e.g. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hyphae Mycelial mass The hyphae that compose the mycelium can form a macroscopic mass Some hyphae have cross-walls These hyphae are termed septate Other hyphae have no cross walls : Hyphae can be coenocytic -cytoplasm can flow uninterrupted by the absence of cross walls Septate Coenocytic (aseptate) The cross walls are called septa 3

4 Hyphae Septa can have single or multiple pores Coenocytic hyphae -no cross walls Septate Hyphae have cross walls some septa form at regular intervals Other septa isolate old or damaged hypha, or isolate reproductive structures Septa divide hyphae into COMPARTMENTS Septate hyphae are not discrete cells Cytoplasm can flow through each compartment Each hyphal compartment can contain one or more NUCLEI Hyphal structure is essentially a tube There is an outer wall If septa have large pores, the number of nuclei within a hyphal compartment can change nuclei can pass between compartments The inner lumen contains the cytosol and organelles A plasma membrane surrounds the cytoplasm This filamentous structure offers a large surface to volume ratio allows very efficient nutrient absorption 4

5 The hyphal tip Fungal Nutrition Three major types of heterotrophic nutrition Saprophytic digests dead organisms Parasitic digests live organisms The GROWING TIP is structurally and functionally unique: Symbiotic mutual benefit of two independent organisms its cytoplasm is more dense the extreme tip essential for apical growth Fungal metabolism Fungi are usually aerobic Some yeasts are facultatively anaerobic - they can derive energy by fermentation Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The Alcohol Fermentation Alcohol Dehydrogenase Pyruvate decarboxylase Glucose is oxidised to Pyruvate Pyruvate is decarboxylated to Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol 5

6 The Fungal Life Cycle sexual Asexual reproduction: Mitosis Segregation DNA Replication Asexual Shows the alternation of haploid and diploid stages Separation Each new cell acquires a duplicate set of chromosomes Progeny are gene<cally iden<cal Asexual Fungal Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by fission and budding Fragmentation Fission Budding Asexual spore formation Haploid spores arise via mitosis Spores germinate and produce haploid mycelium Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) Results in the rapid production of genetically identical clones Transverse fission Buds 6

7 Asexual fragmentation and spore formation Fungal Sexual Reproduction Typically occurs under conditions of stress Genetically Distinct progeny Sexual reproduc<on: Meiosis Diploid DNA is replicated and re- packaged ader two sequen<al cell divisions Chromosome number is reduced from diploid (2N) to haploid (1N) chromosomal recombina<on occurs Diploid (2N) 2 x 2N Replica<on 2 x 2N Classification of fungi DNA sequence analysis has revealed 8 subdivisions: Chytridiomycetes Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Urediniomycetes Ustilaginomycetes Glomeromycota Microsporidia Gene<cally dis<nct spores Haploid 4 x 1N Often defined by the structure in which sexual spores form 7

8 1. Chytridiomycota - or Chytrids - the most simple fungi - Aquatic - Exhibit asexual and sexual life cycles - Produce a unique sexual spore with a single flagellum - Saprophytic or parasitic 2. Zygomycota Contains the Zygomycetes Most live on decaying organic matter Hyphae are coenocytic with multiple nuclei Asexual spores wind dispersed Sexual reproduction produces tough ZYGOSPORES Can be parasitic flagellated sexual spore UNIQUE! Allomyces sporangia (asexual spores) Moldy strawberries (Rhizopus) Zygomycota the bread mold, Rhizopus stonifer A decaying peach Colonises moist, carbohydrate rich foods Moldy bread Hyphae called rhizoids penetrate the bread and absorb nutrients Other hyphae (stolons) stand upright and produce asexual sporangia These sporangia contain black spores The frames were taken ~12 hours apart over a period of six days 8

9 Meiosis 2N, Zygote Zygomycota Life Cycle 1N 3. Ascomycota contain the Ascomycetes Live on land or water Reproduce asexually and sexually 1N Sexual spores form in saclike ASCI Stolon Mitosis 1N Asci of the fungus Morchella elata (morel), Ascomycota examples include: Many food-spoiling molds The life cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ascus (4 haploid ascospores) Edible Morels and truffles (delicacies) Penicillium, the mold that produces penicillin Yeasts (single-celled fungi) Yeast are unicellular They do not form hyphae 9

10 Some more Ascomycetes 4. Basidiomycota -contain the basidiomycetes (mushrooms) Live on land or water Characterized by perforate septate hyphae Usually reproduce sexually Scarlet Cup Fungus Sexual spores form in club-shaped BASIDIA Morel Chapter 22 Basidiomycota -contain the basidiomycetes The mushroom is a reproductive structure of aggregated hyphae The cap gills bear numerous basidia In each basidium, haploid nuclei fuse to produce a diploid zygote Meiosis yields haploid basidiospores that are released n+n 2n (zygote) Meiosis Basidia on gills Examples include: Mushrooms Puffballs Basidiomycota Shelf fungi (decomposers of wood) Stinkhorns Diploid 2n Haploid 1n Mushroom gills bear reproductive basidia Haploid basidiospores 10

11 Fairy Rings A fairy ring is a circular pattern of mushroom growth Fairy rings form at the edge of an underground fungal mycelium The wider the diameter of the ring, the older the mycelium Some fairy rings are estimated to be 700 years old 5. Glomeromycota Contain the Glomeromycetes Ecologically very important They are symbionts of plants Associate with the roots of plants and trees Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots Fungus provides plant with water, minerals, and organic nutrients it absorbs from the soil Plant provides fungus with sugar 6. Microsporidia This group has a controversial taxonomic history Intracellular parasites of fish, insects and humans Infect immunocompromised people Pathogens include: Enterocystozoon bieneusa- causes diarrhoea or pneumonia Encephaolitozoon cuniculi causes encephalitis and nephritis 80% of plants with roots have mycorrhiza Relationship may have helped plants colonize land 11

12 Microsporidian spore structure Microsporidian spore structure Coiled polar filament Spores are viable outside the host cell Spore germination triggers expulsion of a filament - the polar tube The polar tube pierces the host cell to allow parasite entry Inside the cell more spores multiply Microsporidian spore structure Ecological importance of fungi Recycle nutrients They are decomposers: break down complex organic compounds to simple organic and inorganic elements These elements can be used as nutrients Alien Egg - replace essen<al nutrients that plants remove from the soil 12

13 The fungi: ecological importance Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria Lichens: Symbiotic Partnerships Algal Layer Fungus provides its photosynthetic partner with shelter and protection Photosynthetic partner provides fungus with sugar (food) Fungal Hyphae Attachment Structure lichens are often the first organisms to inhabit barren areas create soil by breaking down rock and adding organic nutrients (from their decay) Beneficial role of fungi Penicillium roqueforti Beer Saccharomyces cerevisiae lichen growing on rock Model Organisms for research 13

14 Negative role of Fungi: Play a major role in disease Plants are particularly vulnerable to fungal attack Fungi can invade plants through the stomates Fungal parasites cause the majority of plant diseases Rusts and smuts are basidiomycete parasites that damage grain crops Corn Smut Fungi are responsible for 15-20% of crop loss yearly Fungal parasites can cause animal diseases Athlete s foot - caused by Tricophytom ruburm lives within and eats outer skin layers (parasite) 14

15 Ringworm - can be caused by the same organism that causes Athlete s Foot or other organisms, - eats skin (parasite) Fungi can produce toxins Claviceps purpurea (an ascomycete) produces ergot alkaloids Infects rye plants and causes ergotism Symptoms include constriction of blood vessels, vomiting, convulsive twitching, hallucinations, and death Salem witch trials of 1692 Fungi can produce good toxins Penicillium (an ascomycete) produces Penicillin First antibiotic to be discovered (1928) Used to combat bacterial diseases Magic Mushrooms -Psilocybe semilanceata Psylocin Break down product of psilocybin This is the psychoactive compound Penicillium Alexander Fleming The mushrooms contain psilocybin 15

16 DEADLY MUSHROOMS Amanita Phalloides (Death cap) Amanita verna Extra Reading Prescott, LM et. Al., Microbiology 7 th edition McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2008 Pages Some Amanita species contains α-amanitin which inhibits RNA polymerase II It affects the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. Death can result 16

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