Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs that secrete digestive enzymes and are major decomposers of dead organic material

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1 Fungi 1

2 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc The scarlet hood (Hygrocybe coccinea) Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs that secrete digestive enzymes and are major decomposers of dead organic material 2

3 Animals 3 Myxozoa Choanoflagellates Fungi Land plants 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc Red algae Green algae

4 Most fungi are haploid Some are unicellular (yeasts) Organization But most constructed of hyphae that forms an interwoven mat called mycelium Most fungi are multicellular; however some hyphae without septa consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass with multiple nuclei Fungi mycelia can be huge. One giant individual of Armillaria ostoyae spreads through 2,200 acres of forest, hundreds of tons of weight and thousands of years old Reproductive structures are only thick and fleshy portions; they are not absorptive 4

5 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc 138 µm 3.73 µm 5

6 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc (a) Pore 926 nm Cell wall Septa (b) Hyphae Reproductive structure Mycelium 6

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8 Homeostasis Cell walls mainly of chitin, strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide* Use of glycogen to store excess carbohydrates* Haustoria: hyphal tips in parasitic fungi that penetrate tissues in host Filamentous structure of mycelium provides extensive surface area for efficient absorption Fungal mycelia are nonmotile No flagella on cells; except in species of the phylum Chytridiomycota which have gametes and spores that are flagellated* Spores developed when food is lacking; dispersal mechanism 8

9 Reproduction and Heredity Fungi reproduce by releasing spores produced sexually or asexually Nuclei of fungal hyphae haploid Transient diploid stages during sexual cycles Fungi with sexual cycles go through several stages: plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm), heterokaryotic stage, karyogamy (fusion of nuclei), zygote, mycelium 9

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11 Growth and development Mycelium grows in the direction in which food is more abundant It grows rapidly, adding as much as a kilometer per day Fast growth possible since proteins and other synthesized materials are channeled by cytoplasmic streaming to tips of hyphae Fungi concentrate energy and resources in adding length 11

12 Metabolism Fungi are heterotrophs. They obtain energy and carbon from other organisms through absorption Diffusion in hyphae is restricted for small molecules, thus fungi secrete digestive enzymes to break down large molecules. Digestion occurs outside the hyphae (extracellularly) Fungi can digest lignin, cellulose, many other large and small molecules 12

13 Ecology 70,000 species known. Each year 1000 new species are identified. It is estimated that 1.65 million species of fungi may exist Mutualism between plants/fungi Mycorrhizae fungal associations with plant roots; may be the most important cooperative relationships in terms of productivity and richness; plants deliver sugars and other reduced carbon compounds to fungi Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) - dense network of hyphae around plant roots; found in all trees in boreal and temperate forests; abundant in cold, northern habitats with short growing seasons; deliver nitrogen to plants; they are often members of Basidiomycota. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) grow into cells of plant root tissue; branching of hyphae is extensive; occur on 80% of all land plant species; dominant in grasslands and warm tropical forests where growing season is long; deliver phosphorus to plants; often members of Zygomycota 13

14 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) Root cells EMF 14

15 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Root cells AMF Root hair 15

16 Ecology cont. Mutualism (cont.) Lichens associations of fungi with cyanobacteria or green algae Parasitism Usually an ascomycete; photosynthetic organisms provide sugars, reduced carbons, and nitrogen (some of them) fungi provide protection through chitin walls; relationship may turn parasitic (fungi kills algal cells) Some fungi are destructive to plants and animals; yeast infections, athlete s foot, dutch elm disease 16

17 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc Asexual reproduction occurs when mini-lichens are produced. Asci produced by fungus Fungal layer Algal layer Fungal layer Substrate 17

18 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc 18

19 Importance Fungi are essential to maintaining global carbon cycle They digest cellulose and lignin (carbon captured by plants) and break into glucose and CO 2, allowing carbon to be recycled to other organisms Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi affects diversity and productivity of plant communities Fungi can cause important loss of million of dollars through food spoilage, crop losses and habitat destruction However they also provide million dollar industries by facilitating bread making (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), fermentation to produce beer, wine and spirits (Saccharomyces spp), and by production of edible mushrooms Yeasts are important research organisms in cell and molecular biology 19

20 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc 20

21 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc CO 2 from degradation of lignin Atmospheric CO 2 CO 2 from plant and animal respiration Assimilation of CO 2 by plants Fungal mycelia Glucose from degradation of cellulose transferred to fungivores like insect larvae, ants, and squirrels 21

22 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc 22

23 Diversity of Fungi Fungi can be divided into four major groups based on molecular data and differences in their reproductive structures. Chytridiomycota: aquatic with flagellated spores and gametes. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Zygomycota: mycelia that "yoke together" during reproduction. Most are soil living, many form mutualistic associations with plants. Hyphae are haploid 23

24 Chytridium 24

25 Rhizopus 25

26 Pilobolus 26

27 Diversity of Fungi Fungi can be divided into four major groups based on molecular data and differences in their reproductive structures. Basidiomycota: Reproductive structures are mushrooms, puffballs, or bracket fungi. Meiosis and spore formation occurs in basidia, which are like "little pedestals. They have heterokaryotic stage 27

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29 Diversity of Fungi Fungi can be divided into four major groups based on molecular data and differences in their reproductive structures. Ascomycota: Reproductive structures are ascocarps Meiosis and spore formation occurs in asci, which are elongated sacs. Also forms heterokaryotic stage Inhabit variety of marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats 29

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