3/22/2011. Review. Review. Mitosis: division of cells that results in two identical daughter cells with same genetic information as the first cell
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1 Review Review Mitosis: division of cells that results in two identical daughter cells with same genetic information as the first cell Meiosis: division of cells that results in daughter cells with one-half of the genetic information that the original cell had. 4 4 Diploid 4 Haploid 4 Meiosis is required for sexual reproduction - otherwise chromosome no. would double in offspring How do mitosis and meiosis fit into the life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms? Gametes and some spores are the result of meiosis - some spores arise from mitosis two gametes fuse (syngamy) = zygote Simple organisms How do mitosis and meiosis fit into the life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms? Gametes Mitosis Zygote (2n) Meiosis n 1
2 Alternation of generations (plants) Sporophyte (2n) Mitosis Animals Zygote Gametes Meiosis Spore (n) Mitosis Meiosis Gametes (n) Zygote (2n) Mitosis Gametophyte (n) Kingdom: Fungi - Chapter 26 Kingdom: Fungi ~ 100,000 named species 1. Eukaryotic cells 2. Most have cell walls with chitin (a polymer subunits of nitrogen containing sugar - cell walls do not have cellulose 3. Heterotrophs (most Saprotrophs) orgs. That obtain energy from dead organic material by absorbing it! 4. Secrete digestive enzymes Ecologically important: Decomposers (breakdown organic molecules) and nutrient release Health issues: food, our bodies, allergies, crops Beneficial: Foods - drugs Two main types: 1) Yeasts (unicellular) 2) Molds Filamentous growth form: Hyphae - slender filaments bundled together to form the fungus Hyphae: Filaments - Vegetative part of fungus nonreproductive part - chitin reinforced walls Tangled mass of hyphae = Mycelium What we see is aerial Mycelium = Fruiting body 2
3 Hypha filament Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually Most by means of microscopic spores Most have Septa = walls dividing cells Rarely form a complete barrier >1 nuclei per cell - spores may be haploid or diploid (in plants always n) - can germinate without fertilization - always nonmotile - Sporangia: Structures where spores are made Asexual reproduction Spores Produced by mitosis (Conidia) Conidiophores: special hypha produce Conidia (asexual spores) Spore germination Unlike most plant and animal cells most fungal cells are not dipoid 2 types of sexual reproduction occurs In sexual reproduction two hyphae of different strains come together, their nuclei fuse = form a diploid zygote. Plasmogamy cytoplasm fuses 3
4 Sexual reproduction takes place when 2 nuclei fuse within a dikaryotic cell (Karyogamy) Hypha Nucleus N + N 2n Monokaryotic = 1 nucleus per cell (n) Nucleus zygote (2n) Hypha Hyphae Dikaryotic = 2 nuclei per cell (n + n) Coenocytic = no septa, numerous nuclei 95% Basic sequence for most fungi 1. Fossil evidence not great mya spores mya algae hyphae Fig. 26-4, p. 559 Fig. 26-5, p
5 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes 3/22/2011 Five phyla Based on sexual spores and fruiting bodies AND DNA Phylum Chytridiomycetes (Chytrids) - Flagellated cells - Alternation of generations - Ancestor to other fungi?? basidospores Evolution of Dikaryotic stage Common flagellate ancestor Loss of Flagellum Fig. 26-9a, p. 564 Fig. 26-6, p. 561 Morel Fig. 26-, p. 563 Fig a, p
6 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes 3/22/2011 Fig Fig a, p. 56 Basidiomycota 30,000 spp. Basidia Common flagellate ancestor Fig a, p. 571 n n meiosis 2n N + N Fig , p
7 Fig a, p. 569 Fig b, p. 569 Fig c, p. 569 Fruticose liche (Ramalina) Lichen: symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae Fungus get nutrients from algae Crustose lichens (Bacidia, Lecanora) Foliose lichen (Parmelia) Algae gets Protection from sun? Protection from elements Ecologiclly important: break down of rocks - - air quality Fig b, p
8 Mycorrhizae: symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi grows on roots of plants enhances uptake of water and nutrients No mycorrhizae with Mycorrhizae Fig a, p. 577 Fig b, p. 577
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