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3 Term Definition Example Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth Biodiversity Variety of life. Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs Species Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Homo sapiens Biology The study of all forms of life. Bacteria -> Blue Whale Organism Individual living thing YOU!!!!! Cell Basic unit of life. Unicellular or multicellular-> bacteria to a blue whale. Metabolism Chemical process that breaks down or builds up materials. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic. ENERGY = ATP

4 Term Definition Example DNA Genetic Material Fingerprints System An organized group of related parts that work together to form a whole. All of your organ systems work together so that you can function. Ecosystem Environment made up of living and non-living things (abiotic and biotic factors). Everglades Homeostasis Maintain constant internal conditions. BALANCE. Body temp.= 98.6 F / 37C Evolution Adaptation Change in a species over time. Fossils, comparative anatomy, DNA An inherited trait that gives an organism an advantage and is passed to future generations. Can be physical or behavioral. Webbed feet in ducks.

5 Term Definition Example Autotrophs Make their own food through sunlight. Chemoautotrophs Make their own food through chemosynthesis (ATP is synthesized by using chemicals instead of sunlight). Plants- photosynthesis Deep sea hydrothermal vents ecosystems- hydrogen sulfide. Heterotrophs Abiotic Rely on others for food and energy. Nonliving factor in an ecosystem. Humans- cellular respiration. Sunlight, temperature, nutrients, ph, water Biotic Living things Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

6 Term Definition Example Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Budding Fragmentation Binary Fission Two parents, requires both sperm and egg, offspring are genetically different. Only one parent, offspring is genetically identical to the parent. A small projection grows on the surface of a parent organism, forming a separate individual. Parent organism splits into pieces, each of which can grown into a new organism. Asexual reproduction of a single celled organism by division into two roughly equal parts. YOU! Budding= Hydra Fragmentation= Sea star Binary Fission= Bacteria Hydra and yeast Sea Stars and flatworms Bacteria

7 Organisms range in size. They can be microscopic like bacteria!

8 Organism can be tiny like the honey pot ant!

9 Or the largest animal on the the blue whale!

10 There is a certain organizational hierarchy that life has to follow in order for our planet to function. An organism isn t just an organism; it s a collection of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, etc.

11 In order to be considered a living organism, it must have all of the needed characteristics. Life is organized into many levels. Each level builds on the next.

13 An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator. Species- group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring. Humans are Homo sapiens. Organism Organism

14 A population is a group of the same species that live in one area. Example- a group of alligators Organism Population Population Organism

15 A community is a group of different species that live together in one area. Example-Alligators, turtles, birds, fish, and plants living together. Community Community Organism Population Population Organism

16 An ecosystem includes all of the organisms, as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving things in a given area. Example- Florida Everglades Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Organism Population Population Organism

17 A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there. Example- Subtropical Savanna Biome Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Organism Population Population Organism

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20 They MUST have these 9 characteristics: 1. Made up of cells 2. Metabolism 3. DNA 4. Stimulus 5. Reproduction 6. Evolution 7. Homeostasis 8. Grow and develop 9. Chemical Uniqueness (not a common one stated in textbooks, but every organism is different).

21 The basic unit of life. Chemical factory. Multicellular Eukaryotes, many celled like us. Unicellular- Prokaryotes, one celled, such as bacteria. Can be found in dead matter like a tree stump. Can be microscopic or macroscopic. Different cells have specialized functions. For example, your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices.

Chemical process that builds up or breaks down materials

Autotrophs- makes their own food through photosynthesis,

23 Chemical process that builds up or breaks down materials to make energy. Every cell needs energy in order to survive. Obtained by eating food, sunlight, or chemicals. Autotrophs- makes their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants. Chemoautotrophs- makes their own food through chemicals / chemosynthesis. Heterotrophs- relies on others for food.

24 Indirectly from photosynthesis and directly from cellular respiration, in the form of ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate.

25 CO 2 = O 2 = C 6 H 12 O 6 = H 2 O= What do they mean? Let s look at the graphic organizer.

26 Volunteer to the board?

27 Volunteer to the board?

Abiotic- nonliving, such as rocks, temperature, nutrients, ph, etc

29 All organisms must react in order to survive. Organisms react to different factors. Abiotic- nonliving, such as rocks, temperature, nutrients, ph, etc Biotic- living things, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. What happens when you touch a hot stove? Do you leave your hand on there?

30 Ecosystems are made up of both living and nonliving things. The abiotic factors directly affect the biotic factors. For example, if the temperature of the bay drastically drops, many of the fish may die because they can t regulate their body temperature.

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33 Stores genetic information Made up of nucleotides (nitrogenous base pairs-agct), sugars, and phosphates. Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C) The sequence of the bases is what codes for the order of amino acids in the protein sequence (amino acids). We will learn this more later

34 Change in a species over time. Process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. Examples of evidence- fossil record, embryology, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular DNA. Adaptation- an inherited trait or gene that helps some individuals of a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don t adapt will die off. Sometimes different populations of the same species live in different environments. Therefore, they have different needs and adapt differently, evolving into different species.

35 / Example of adaptation

36 Goal= to produce new individuals, and to pass on DNA to future generations. Two types- sexual and asexual Sexual- two parents required, exchange of gametes (sex cells), and the offspring are genetically different. Asexual- requires only one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent (ex- sea star). Budding Fragmentation Binary Fission

37 Jawfish males hold unhatched eggs in their mouth. The male churns the eggs by spitting them out and sucking them back in. This allows the male to remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development. The male seahorse carries the offspring Elephant gestation is 22 months Killer whale gestation is 16 months Human gestation is 9 months

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41 binary-fission.html

42 Regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. BALANCE! Controlled by hormones and the nervous system. Body temp. is 37 C or 98.6 F Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions. Temperature, glucose, water, ph, gases, nutrients, salt, etc. must be maintained/ balanced or it can be fatal. Negative and Positive feedback loops.

43 The body maintains homeostasis via negative and positive feedback loops!

44 A control system responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point. Continuous cycle Example- Blood glucose concentrations rise after a meal (the stimulus), and insulin causes glucose to be removed from the bloodstream (the response), which decreases blood glucose. Exercise creates metabolic heat, which raises body temperature (the stimulus) and vasodilation and sweating (the response) cools the body. meostatic_control/revision/1/

45 Control system in which sensory information causes the body to increase the rate of change away from homeostasis. Ex- cut your finger, positive feedback mechanisms increase the rate of change in clotting factors in the blood until the wound is sealed. Ex- hormones during puberty. The body needs specific levels to accomplish the changes that need to take place. Ex-when a baby first suckles its mother's nipple, a small amount of breast milk is released (the stimulus) and a hormone is released which increases milk production (the response).

46 All organisms have a life cycle that they go through from origin (when the sperm fertilizes the egg = fertilization) to adulthood. Changes in size, shape, and differentiation in structures. Unicellular = simple Multicellular= complex. Metamorphosis- many organisms have similar early stages of development and are hard to tell apart.

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48 Complex molecular organization. Carbon backbone. Macromolecules- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids Ex- lactose intolerance

of finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain.

50 Word Definition Example Observation Hypothesis Using the senses to study the natural world. A testable idea or explanation that leads to a scientific investigation Darwin drew pictures of finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain. Plants need many types of nutrients to grow. Fertilizer adds those nutrients to the soil, thus allowing plants to grow more.

51 Word Definition Example Prediction Experiment Variable Independent Variable A logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct. Procedure designed to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions. A factor, trait, or condition that can be changed. The variable that is manipulated or changed by the If fertilizer is added to the soil of some tomato seedlings, but not others, then the seedlings that got fertilizer will grow taller and have more leaves than the non-fertilized ones. Testing if fertilizer affects plant growth. Independent & dependent The amount of fertilizer.

52 Word Definition Example Dependent Variable The effect / results / data. Plant height Control or Control Group Constant Experimental Group Not manipulated. Not given any special treatment. Condition that is controlled so that it does not change during an experiment. The group that receives the experimental treatment. The plant exposed to normal conditions- no fertilizer Same size pot, same amount of water The plants that receive the fertilizer.

53 Word Definition Example Data Information gathered during an experiment. Quantitative- numbers Qualitativedescriptions Correlation Associations between two or more events. Tree cookie Statistics Collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers. Standard deviation, Chi- Square, T- score Mean The average. The average length of a mussels is 30 mm.

54 Word Definition Example Distribution Probability The pattern that the bars create when viewed as a whole. The chance that something will happen. Bell curve ½ or 50% a penny will land heads up. Sample Theory Group of individuals or events selected to represent the population. Broad explanation for a wide range of observations. Explain why. The scientists researched the same pod of 100 whales every summer for 10 years. Theory of Natural Selection, the Cell Theory, the Germ Theory

55 Word Definition Example Law Describes what nature does under certain conditions. Explains what will happen. Newton s Laws of Motion

57 1. Observational- Typically use quantitative and qualitative data. 2. Controlled Study- Following the scientific steps. 3. Literary Research

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59 1. Observation 2. Ask a Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experimentation 5. Results / Collect Data 6. Analyze and Conclude 7. Repeat

1. What you see, hear, taste, smell, and touch in the natural world. 2. Why is it happening? What does it mean? 4. Design a procedure and test your hypothesis. 5.

60 1. What you see, hear, taste, smell, and touch in the natural world. 2. Why is it happening? What does it mean? 4. Design a procedure and test your hypothesis. 5. Utilize data tables, mathematical equations, and graphs to represent the results collected. 6. Look the data and relay to your audience, what is actually going on? What happened? What does the data say? 3. A testable idea or explanation that leads to a scientific investigation. If and then statement. 7. Carry out the experiment again, double check your research / experiment.

61 Observation- What kinds of questions can you formulate by looking at this picture? /human-red-blood-cells-with-a-

63 Typically use If-Then-Because format (organizational purposes). Predictions are used to design experiments. Hypothesis: A testable idea or explanation that leads to a scientific investigation. Based off of many observations. Tentative, testable, falsifiable. Prediction: a logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct. A prediction is meant to describe what will happen in a specific situation (experiment).

Question- Do fertilizers make a plant grow bigger? Hypothesis-Plants need many types of nutrients to grow. Fertilizer adds those nutrients to the soil, thus allowing plants to grow more.

64 Question- Do fertilizers make a plant grow bigger? Hypothesis-Plants need many types of nutrients to grow. Fertilizer adds those nutrients to the soil, thus allowing plants to grow more. Prediction: If fertilizer is added to the soil of some tomato seedlings, but not others, then the seedlings that got fertilizer will grow taller and have more leaves than the non-fertilized ones.

65 Do not use the words it, best, or better in your hypothesis! Try to be as specific as possible. Try to avoid personal pronouns such as: you, me, we, I, etc. Choose one of the items you are changing, and be clear on how it will compare with the other choices. If- IV Then- DV

66 Directions: Write a hypothesis for the question and predict why you think that will happen. Question 1- How does the amount of sunlight affect the growth of a plant?

67 Hypothesis- Prediction-

68 Experiment- procedure designed to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions.

69 Designed to pinpoint cause and effect relationships. You want to have two variables: a tested variable and a control. The tested variable =_Independent variable, YOU control it, YOU manipulate it. Who controls it? I DO!

70 Example: measure the height of the plants. In order to study one variable, scientists usually study two groups at one time: the one you are changing, and the one that stays the same. The experimental group: the group that receives the experimental treatment. Example: the plants that receive the fertilizer. The control group (variable): does not receive any experimental treatment. Example: the plants that do not receive fertilizer.

71 The effect / results= Dependent variable, it depends on the IV. Dependent =data Ex- plant height or the number of leaves.

1. Different rose bushes are grown in a greenhouse for two months and one was placed outside in normal conditions. The number of flowers on each bush is counted at the end of the experiment. 2.

72 1. Different rose bushes are grown in a greenhouse for two months and one was placed outside in normal conditions. The number of flowers on each bush is counted at the end of the experiment. 2. Pea plant clones are given different amounts of water for a three-week period. First pea plant receives 400 milliliters a day. The second pea plant receives 200 milliliters a day. The third pea plant receives 100 milliliters a day. The fourth pea plant does not receive any extra water; the plant only receives natural ways of receiving water. The height of the pea plant is recorded daily.

73 Variables Independent dependent Control Example Example Example

74 Keeping careful and accurate results is extremely important. Data: information gathered during an experiment.

relationships between variables, as well as

75 Organized into tables and graphs. Scientists also use the metric system when collecting and converting data. Visual representation allows scientists to explain the data clearly to others. Graphs allow scientists to display relationships between variables, as well as illustrate conclusions drawn from an experiment: bar, line, and circle graphs are the most commonly used.

76 Scientists take their results and analyze them / figure out what they mean in written format. Scientists compare the outcome of their experiment with their predictions. Sometimes the conclusion is obvious and sometimes it is not obvious, which then requires more explaining.

Scientists do not publish their results right away; they look for a large amount of supporting evidence. Supporting evidence is achieved via duplication.

77 Scientists do not publish their results right away; they look for a large amount of supporting evidence. Supporting evidence is achieved via duplication. Duplication means that they are conducting or carrying out their experiment several times. The more an experiment is repeated, not only by the lead scientist, but also by others around the world, the more reliable the conclusion.

79 Catch and fix mistakes. Double check results- make sure they obtain the same answer. Adds validity.

80 Once the experiment has been duplicated and the results are deemed important, the scientist can then publish their results in a scientific journal.

81 Theory Law

82 Broad explanation for a wide range of observations. Explains WHY something happens. Concise, applicable, systematic, and analytical. Examples: theory of natural selection, germ theory, and the cell theory.

83 Describes what nature does under certain conditions. Explains what will happen. Statements about an observed phenomena. Often mathematically supported. Predictable outcomes. Example- Newton s Laws of Motion

84 Based on tested hypotheses. Supported by a large amount of experimental data. Widely accepted by scientists. Can be revised.

86 Observation is the act of carefully watching something over time. Observations of populations can be done by visual surveys. Direct surveys for easy to spot species employ binoculars or scopes. Indirect surveys are used for species that are difficult to track and include looking for other signs of their presence.

87 Experiments are performed in the lab or in the field. Lab experiments give researchers more control. Lab experiments are not reflective of the complex interactions in nature. Field experiments give a more accurate picture of natural interactions. Field experiments may not help determine actual cause and effect.

88 Computer and mathematical models can be used to describe and model nature. Modeling allows scientists to learn about organisms or ecosystems in ways that would not be possible in a natural or lab setting. Ecologists use data transmitted by GPS receivers worn by elephants to develop computer models of the animal s movements.

89 Some questions cannot be studied. Example: What was the Earth s climate like 60 million years ago? Why? Scientists are 60 million years too late. Example: Does smoking cause lung cancer in humans? Why? Experiments that might injure people are unethical.

90 Correlations: look at associations between two or more events.

Scientists have used tree rings to investigate populations of early settlers in the United States.

91 Scientists know that the relative width of a ring on a tree trunk is a good indicator of the amount of rainfall the tree received in a given year. Wide rings= rainy years, narrow rings= dry years. Scientists have used tree rings to investigate populations of early settlers in the United States. In some places where settlers disappeared, scientists have found that during that time the tree rings were very narrow, which could mean that food was hard to grow, potentially leading to starvation.

92 Curiosity- Jane Goodall, studied chimpanzees in the Gombe Forest in Tanzania for years, even lived among them in their natural habitat. Through continual observation, she started recognizing and learning their behaviors, interactions, and group dynamics. This created a plethora of research papers and changed the way people perceived these magnificent creatures. She is now one of the most successful woman scientists in history. IXp8

94 Skepticism- scientists don t believe everything they are told. Openness to new ideas- keep an open mind about how the world works. Intellectual Honesty- after duplicating the results, a good scientist will consider the possibility that the new results may be accurate, even if this means that the hypothesis might be wrong.

95 Imagination and Creativity- constantly coming up with new ideas and questions. Many of the new questions come from previous research, building on something that is already there. Example- John Snow, a London scientist, created a famous spot map of all of the people that had died of cholera, a potentially fatal disease caused by a bacterium found in water that has been polluted by human waste. Many people had poor plumbing or lack of plumbing; therefore they got their water from public water pumps. By creating a spot map, Snow was able to pinpoint which pump was causing the cholera epidemic, and the town was able to shut it down.

uo-sh6m

uo-sh6m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juxl uo-sh6m Term Definition Example Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth Biodiversity Variety of life. Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs Species Group of organisms