Unit 1 ~ Scientific Reasoning & Logic

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1 Unit 1 ~ Scientific Reasoning & Logic A) An Introduction to Biology What is the study of Biology? Every thing can be classified into one of 3 groups... o _ o _ o _ Why do people study it?... Or better yet... how is Biology important to me? B) It s Alive! ~ Characteristics of Life In order to be considering living, what ever it is that you are investigating must have (OR at one point in time had) each of the following characteristics 1) Made up of cells = There are many types of cells in the world! Two of the more general categories include... Examples Nucleus? Yes / No Organelles? Yes / No Comparable Size Unicellular / Multicellular 2) Reproduce Prokaryote Eukaryote Typically we think of sexual reproduction, but MANY living things can actually reproduce without a mate! That s called

2 Which method allows more variation in offspring? Why might an organism choose a method of reproduction that leads to less variation? _ Asexual methods include: 3) Grow & Develop What does it mean to grow? We get bigger (duh!) So how does this happen? There are 2 ways in which cells can divide: Mitosis = _ Meiosis = What does it mean to develop? Let s Review! Which method of cell division would need to be used during... Budding? _ Production of pollen _ Production of gametes Vegetative propagation

3 4) Need for Energy & Metabolism Different organisms need different kinds of food from which they get their energy. Autotrophs (also called _) These organisms can make their own food through either... 1) which uses light 2) which uses chemicals. Note ~ Only Plants, Algae, and some bacteria are autotrophic. Heterotrophs (also called ) These organisms can NOT make their own food so they eat other organisms! (Define and give examples of each) _ Herbivores = Eat only producers _ Carnivores = Eat only animals ( carne = _) Omnivores = Eat both producers and animals Decomposers and Detritivores = ScavengersandSaprophytes=_ So we know that all organisms need food for energy Right?... then what is Metabolism? 5) Universal Genetic Code All inherited traits and characteristics are coded by a chemical compound known as Where is it found in prokaryotes? _ What about eukaryotes? DNA is actually just a code for making

4 6) Stimulus & Response System Organisms can detect 2 types of stimulus: 1) Internal stimuli such as high blood sugar levels and respond by _ 2) External stimuli for plants such as detecting light will respond by _ 7) Homeostasis Defined as This mechanism works just like your home thermostat. If the room becomes too cold, the thermostat sends a signal to turn the heat on; if it is too hot a different signal turns off the heat. Examples: 8) Evolution Individual organisms don t evolve GROUPS of organisms can evolve ( change over time ) Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection developed by states that _ How is artificial selection different from natural selection? _ What causes organism to have such a large variation in characteristics? This variation allows certain characteristics to be better suited to the environment which means - Survival of the Fittest

5 C) Levels of Organization Notes: What are the levels of organization? _ = Made of atoms and molecules _ = Smallest unit of life _ = Several types of cells working together to perform one function _ = Several types of tissues working together to perform one function _ = Several organs working together to perform one function _ = A living thing capable of all 8 characteristics of life (may be multicellular or unicellular) _ = Organisms capable of reproducing to form a fertile offspring _ = A group of organisms of the same species, living in the same area, at the same time = A group of different species living in the same area, at the same time = The biotic AND abiotic factors of an area = The earth Practice: Is a group of turtles on the Galapagos Islands and a group of turtles in India part of the same population? Explain Are lions and tigers considered the same species? Explain What level of organization would describe a pond in your back yard? Explain All the organisms living on/in an oak tree would be considered what level of organization? Explain Why is a mule not a biological species? Your blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. What level of organization would describe blood? Explain What 2 levels of organization can a moneran be classified as? Explain

6 Biotic = Abiotic = D) Studying science ~ Good Experiments... Bad experiments Scientists follow a natural flow of events when designing a new experiment and gathering information to solve scientific problems. This process is called 1. Observations: 2. Ask a question & state the problem: 3. Forming a Hypothesis: 4. Testing the Hypothesis a. Dependent Variable (DV) = b. Independent Variable (IV) = c. Control = d. Constants = 5. Recording the Data: _ a. Qualitative = measures what be measured b. Quantitative = measures what be measured

7 6. Analyze the Data & Draw a Conclusion: Graphs, tables and charts are used rather than typed reports because 7. Repeat & Report: Experiments must be repeated so that they are Reporting data allows the experiments to be Why is it important to have controlled experiment? What is the difference between a hypothesis and theory? Hypothesis = Theory = How does society affect scientific investigations? E) The Microscope History ~ Developed from refining the lenses used in hand lenses. ~ Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the best in his time and is credited as the first to make the microscope. He was also the first to observe

8 ~ Robert Hooke was the first person to record his observation of. He was the first to call them cells. Types and Uses Light Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope Relative Magnification Uses What is the difference between the Magnification and the Resolution? How is contrast used in microscopy? Thanks to the Microscope and Collaborative Scientists... We have the Cell Theory Schwann - Scheliden - _ Virchow - The combined cell theory states that 1) 2) 3) Other Tools, Equipment, Methods of Biology (define each briefly) Computers, Cell and Tissue Culture, Cell Fractionation, Field Studies

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE BIOLOGICAL THEMES 1. Cell Structure & Function cell is the basic unit of life all organisms are composed of at least one cell Unicellular single celled ; bacteria,