What Is Biology? Biologists Study? The study of living things. Characteristics Classifications Interactions between organisms Health & Disease
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1 What Is Biology? The study of living things. Biologists Study? Characteristics Classifications Interactions between organisms Health & Disease
2 Goal of Science To investigate To understand To explain To make predictions ABOUT the World!
3 Levels of Organization (Place in Order from Smallest to Largest) Tissues Organs Molecules Cells Atoms Organ Systems
4 Levels Of Organization Atom Molecule Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems
5 Levels of biological organization Largest Smallest
6 Defining What It Means To Be Alive
7 Characteristics of Living Things 1. Made Up of Cells 2. Reproduction 3. Based on a Genetic Code 4. Growth and Development 5. Need for Materials and Energy 6. Response to the Environment 7. Maintaining Internal Balance 8. Adapt & Evolve
8 1. Living Things are made up of Cells. Cells are basic unit of life CELL: Collection of living material enclosed within a barrier Unicellular: one cell Multicellular: many cells
9 Unicellular Multicellular
10 2. Living Things Reproduce: Asexual produce offspring which resemble parents 2 Types: Asexual reproduction: only 1 parent Sexual reproduction: 2 parents Sexual
11 3. Living Things are based on a Genetic Code/Organization Inheritance of traits is carried on DNA
12 From Dog To DNA 1. A dog is made up of more than a million cells. A Cell 2. Each cell contains a nucleus containing chromosomes. 4. A Chromosome 3. The cell s Nucleus 5. DNA molecule folds to form a chromosome 6. DNA is made of 2 strands.
13 4. Living things Grow and Develop GROWTH: increase in size & shape DEVELOPMENT: mature over time Living things have a Lifespan Growth Growth Development
14 5. Living Things Use & Need Energy Energy comes from food, used to maintain body AUTOTROPH: produce own food HETEROTROPH: must consume food DECOMPOSER: breaks down dead material for food
15 6. Living things respond to their surroundings React to a stimulus signal or change causing an organism to respond. a - The change could be internal or external. A response is a reaction caused by an action.
16 Stimulus? Response?
17 7. Living things maintain a Stable Internal Environment HOMEOSTASIS or DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Examples: sweating, panting, shivering, etc.
18 Homeostasis How Does Your Body Bring You Back To Normal? & Why? To stay cool & prevent Perspiration overheating Shivering Regurgitation To stay warm Get rid of harmful wastes
19 Homeostasis If you think about it, your body works the same way. Most people maintain a constant body temperature around 98.6 degrees. That is your homeostasis. When facing conditions such as heavy exercise or hot weather, your body has numerous mechanisms to keep your temperature at homeostasis. Sweat is produced from glands in the dermis. As the water in the sweat changes from liquid to gas (evaporation), heat is lost allowing you to feel cooler. Your face gets red and flushed. This is due to the dilation of blood vessels which brings heat to the surface of your skin where it is lost to the environment.
20 8. Living things Adapt & Evolve Adapt to changes in the environment Change to better survive in environment Changes take place over a long period of time & involve the entire species.
21 Adaptation A Cactus with horns A Camel s Hump To reduce water loss & protect from herbivores To store fat & live off it when food & water are scarce A Camel s webbed feet, long eye lashes, Prevent sinking in the & nostrils that close sand & prevent sand from entering eyes, nose
22 Life Processes: Terms 1. Nutrition taking materials & changing to a usable form (used for energy, growth, repair and maintenance) Digestion large insoluble molecules changed into small soluble molecule by enzymes. Ingestion to consume (take in) a substance Nutrient- a substance taken in for energy 2 Types Autotrophs make their own food Heterotrophs get their food
23 Photosynthesis for Energy Equation: Sunlight CO2 + H2O Sugar + Oxygen Light energy Chemical energy
24 Photosynthesis
25 2. Transport Substances enter and leave cells (movement of stuff within organism) A system in larger multicellular organism Example: Circulatory System (arteries/veins)
26 Transport of Materials Outside Cell Inside Cell
27 3. Cellular Respiration for Energy Cells burn food (glucose) for fuel (chemical energy) Energy is stored in molecules called ATP All cells continuously undergo this process called cellular respiration in the MITOCHONDRIA
28 2 Types Aerobic Respiration organisms use O2 to break food to make carbon dioxide & water. Anaerobic Respiration No O2 used to break down food.
29 Cellular Respiration ENERGY STORED Equation: Sugar + oxygen ENERGY RELEASED CO2 + H2O + Energy
30 4. Synthesis Simple substances combined (build) to form more complex substances (Needed for growth and repair)
31 5. Growth - More cells & bigger cells - Humans start as 1 cell & grow and develop into an organism of about 50 trillion cells. Examples: Unicellular- increase cell size Multicellular- go through growth called development
32 6. Excretion Removal of wastes from the body 4 Types of excretion: urination defecation exhaling sweating
33 7. Regulation All the activities that help maintain homeostasis Regulation occurs by nerve impulses (nervous system) & the release of chemical hormones (endocrine system) Needed to respond to the internal & external environment
34 8. Reproduction Produce new organisms of their own kind Two types: Asexual 1 parent with identical offspring Sexual 2 parents with offspring not identical
35 9. Digestion - Breakdown of COMPLEX food materials into simpler forms for organism to use.
36 10. Metabolism All the Chemical Reactions that occur in every cell to maintain normal functioning. The building & breaking down of complex substances. The continuous release of energy.
37 Virus
38 Virus Uses A Host s Cell For Reproduction
39 Is A Virus Living? Viruses have.. No Growth No Metabolism No Reproduction (uses a host for reproduction) What Do You Think Now?
40 Resource Yeo Life in a drop of water Youtube
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