Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
|
|
- Lizbeth Long
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
2 4. Discuss how microscopy has revealed the structure and function of microorganisms.
3 Figure 4.3 The limits of resolution (and some representative objects within those ranges) of the human eye and of various types of microscopes.
4 3 General Principles of Microscopy which influence observation of microbes Magnification Resolution Contrast Official definitions Magnification, the ratio of an object s image size to its real size Resolution, the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points Contrast, visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample
5 3 General Principles of Microscopy A) Magnification (enlarge) B) Resolution (tell apart 2 objects close together) C) Contrast (Differences in intensity between two objects) How to increase all 3 of these to achieve optimal observation of microbes?
6 A) Magnification vs B) Resolution High Magnification but Low Resolution
7 How to increase A) Magnification and B) Resolution Use smaller wavelength VIBGYOR Smaller the object = Use smaller wavelength
8 General rule for any microscopy/detector Smaller the wavelength smaller the object you can see Light vs Electron microscope Visible Light Electron has very small wavelength compared to visible light
9 Light vs Electron microscope Visible Light Electron Magnifies objects 1000X Magnifies objects 100,000X
10 Light Microscopy In a light microscope (LM), visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses Glass lenses focuses light and enlarges and resolves objects
11 Light changes direction (refracts) when it moves from one medium to another Light Air Air Glass
12 polish glass Magnification = 50/5 = 10X Focal point 5 50 Specimen Convex lens Magnify using lenses Inverted, reversed, and Enlarged image
13 Light Microscopy Bright-field microscopes Simple Microscopes Contain a single magnifying lens Similar to magnifying glass Leeuwenhoek used simple microscope to observe microorganisms for the first time in history Fresh pond water
14 Light Microscopy (Bright-field microscopes) Compound multiple lenses Series of lenses for magnification Light passes through specimen into objective lens Have one or two ocular lenses Total magnification = magnification of objective lens X magnification of ocular lens e.g. 10 times X 10 times = 100 times
15 Light changes direction (refracts) when it moves from one medium to another Light Air Air Glass
16 Figure 4.5 The effect of immersion oil on resolution. Oil immersion lens (100X) is a special type of objective lens Microscope objective Lenses Microscope objective Refracted light rays lost to lens Glass cover slip More light enters lens Glass cover slip Immersion oil Slide Slide Specimen Light source Without immersion oil Light source With immersion oil Oil immersion lens Increases magnification and resolution
17 50 µm Staining increases contrast Brightfield (unstained specimen) Brightfield (stained specimen)
18 Microscopy Light Microscopy 1) Bright-field microscopes Simple/ Compound
19 Figure 4.8 Four kinds of light microscopy. Bacterium Bright field 1) 2) Dark field 2) Dark-field microscopes Specimen appears light against dark background Best for observing pale objects Increases contrast and enables observation of more details
20 3) Phase Microscopy 2 types A) Phase-contrast microscopy B) Differential interference contrast microscope aka Nomarski Used to examine living organisms or specimens that would be damaged/altered by attaching them to slides or staining Phase contrast Nomarski Light rays in phase produce brighter image, while light rays out of phase produce darker image. Contrast is created because light waves are out of phase
21 4) Fluorescent microscopes Direct UV light source at specimen Fluorescent stains absorb UV and radiates energy back as a longer, visible wavelength UV UV light increases resolution and contrast
22 4A) Fluorescence microscopy. Can help you look at object of interest and avoid clutter
23 4B) Immunofluorescence. Can help you detect specific pathogens/objects Antibodies Fluorescent dye Bacterium Cell-surface antigens Antibodies carrying dye Bacterial cell with bound antibodies carrying dye
24 4C) Confocal microscopes Use UV lasers to illuminate fluorescent chemicals in a single plane Computer constructs 3-D image from digitized images
25 Microscopy Electron Microscopy Light microscopes cannot resolve structures closer than 200 nm Electron microscopes have greater resolving power and magnification than light microscopy Magnifies objects 10,000X to 100,000X Detailed views of bacteria, viruses, internal cellular structures, molecules, and large atoms Two types Transmission electron microscopes Scanning electron microscopes
26 Figure 4.11 A transmission electron microscope (TEM). needs vacuum Light microscope (upside down) Column of transmission electron microscope Live? Lamp Electron gun Condenser lens Specimen Specimen Objective lens Objective lens (magnet) Eyepiece Projector lens (magnet) Final image seen by eye Final image on fluorescent screen need sections
27 Figure 4.12 Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
28 Probe Microscopy Magnifies more than 100,000,000 times Scanning tunneling microscopes Atomic force microscopes
29 Light Microscopy Staining Principles of Staining Dyes used as stains are usually salts Chromophore is the colored portion of the dye Basic dyes Basic dyes (positively charged) stain acidic (negatively charged) structures Acidic dyes (negatively charged) stain alkaline structures
30 Inside of most bacterial cells is negatively charged + Basic dyes Therefore Basic dyes are more commonly used to stain bacterial cells Positive Staining
31 Inside of most bacterial cells is negatively charged Acidic dyes Therefore Acidic dyes are more commonly used to stain background Negative Staining
32 Simple/Differential Staining? Positive/Negative Staining?
33
34 Gram Staining
35 Gram Staining Mechanism
36 Gram Staining Method Primary Stain Step Gram positive cell wall Crystal Violet Gram negative cell wall
37 Gram Staining Method Mordant Step Gram s Iodine
38 Gram Staining Method Decolorizing Step Alcohol
39 Gram Staining Method Counter Stain Step Safranin
40 Staining for Electron Microscopy Chemicals containing heavy metals used for transmission electron microscopy
41 Classification and Identification of Microorganisms Taxonomy consists of classification, nomenclature, and identification Organize large amounts of information about organisms Make predictions based on knowledge of similar organisms
42 Carolus Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories His system classified organisms based on characteristics in common Grouped organisms that can successfully interbreed into categories called species Used binomial nomenclature
43 Binomial nomenclature naming species of living things by giving each species a name composed of two parts humans belong to the genus Homo species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens noun-genus Capitalized adjective-specific epithet
44 members of Genus are very different Homo sapiens Homo naledi (2015)
45 Microbe Naming Rules Each species has a unique name Genus specific epithet G. specific epithet Genus specific epithet G. specific epithet Escherichia coli Escherichia coli E. coli E. coli
46 Microbe Naming Rules X X Y Genus specific epithet Genus specific epithet Genus specific epithet Y Genus specific epithet
47 Bacteria have shapes/morphology
48 Figure 3.12 Bacterial shapes and arrangements. 3 major shapes/morphology 1) coccus 2) bacillus 3) spirillum 1) staphylo 2) strepto 2 major arrangements
49 cocci bacilli shape arrangement Streptococci Streptobacilli Staphylococci
50 Microbe Naming Rules based on shape and arrangement (Arrangement+shape) (specific epithet) Streptobacillus (specific epithet) Staphylococcus (specific epithet)
51 Domains Carl Woese compared nucleotide sequences of rrna subunits Proposal of three domains as determined by ribosomal nucleotide sequences genetic information Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea Goal of modern taxonomy is to reflect phylogenetic hierarchy not just morphology but understanding genetic relationships among organisms Bat vs Bird
52 Classification and Identification of Microorganisms Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics Physical characteristics Biochemical tests Serological tests Phage typing Analysis of nucleic acids
53 Physical characteristics Protozoa, fungi, algae, and parasitic worms can often be identified based only on their morphology Some bacterial colonies have distinct appearance used for identification
54 Gas bubble Inverted tubes to trap gasbiochemical tests Acid with gas Acid with no gas Inert Hydrogen sulfide produced No hydrogen sulfide
55 Serological Tests An agglutination test
56 Phage typing Bacterial lawn Plaques
57 Analysis of nucleic acids Nucleic acid sequence can be used to classify and identify microbes Prokaryotic taxonomy now includes the G + C content of an organism's DNA
58 Taxonomic Keys Dichotomous keys Series of paired statements where only one of two "either/or" choices applies to any particular organism Key directs user to another pair of statements, or provides name of organism
Microscopy, Staining, and Classification. ~10 um. Red Blood Cells = mm 1500 um. Width of penny
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Figure 3.4 Approximate size of various types
More informationMicroscopy, Staining, and Classification
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Figure 4.3 The limits of resolution (and some
More informationMicroscopy, Staining, and Classification
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Microscopy Light Microscopy 1) Bright-field
More informationCh 2 Part 2. The Microscope
Ch 2 Part 2 The Microscope SLOs for Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms Convert among the different units of the metric system. List and describe three elements of good microscopy. Differentiate between
More informationTEST BANK FOR PRESCOTTS MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY WILLEY SHERWOOD WOOLVERTON
TEST BANK FOR PRESCOTTS MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION BY WILLEY SHERWOOD WOOLVERTON Link download full: https://testbankservice.com/download/test-bank-for-prescottsmicrobiology-9th-edition-by-willey-sherwood-woolverton/
More informationChapter 4.0 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
Chapter 4.0 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification 8/20/2017 MDufilho 1 Classification and Identification of Microorganisms Taxonomy consists of classification, nomenclature, and identification Organize
More informationChapter 2 Microbes in Perspective: Of Collectors and Classifiers
Chapter 2 Microbes in Perspective: Of Collectors and Classifiers Objectives: After reading Chapter Two, you should understand The schemes used throughout history to classify organisms. How microorganisms
More informationCh 10. Classification of Microorganisms
Ch 10 Classification of Microorganisms Student Learning Outcomes Define taxonomy, taxon, and phylogeny. List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains. Differentiate among eukaryotic,
More informationChapter 3. Observing Organisms Through a Microscope
Chapter 3 Observing Organisms Through a Microscope Units of Measurement Used n Microbiology Table 3.1 mm Figure 3.2 Figure 3.1 - Overview Compound Light microscopy Have ocular and objective lenses Calculate
More informationMicrobiology / Active Lecture Questions Chapter 10 Classification of Microorganisms 1 Chapter 10 Classification of Microorganisms
1 2 Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology differs from Bergey s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in that the former a. groups bacteria into species. b. groups bacteria according to phylogenetic
More informationBIOL 260-General Microbiology. Instructor: Seana Davidson
BIOL 260-General Microbiology Instructor: Seana Davidson Welcome to BIOL 260: Microbiology! First day: Review of Syllabus Sign-in Introduce the course, review course expectations Begin with first lab Exercise
More informationCh 3 & 4 Microscopy & Cell Components 1
Objectives 1.White book: Read Chap 3 & p 77-98 & 108 2.Black book: Read Chap 3 & p75-96 & 106 Objectives: 1. List metric measurement units for microorganisms and convert to other metric units (m, mm, um,
More informationCh 3 & 4 Microscopy & Cell Components 1
Objectives 1.White book: Read Chap 3 & p 77-98 & 108 2.Black book: Read Chap 3 & p75-96 & 106 Objectives: 1. List metric measurement units for microorganisms and convert to other metric units (m, mm, um,
More informationCh 3 & 4 Microscopy & Cell Components 1
Objectives 1.White book: Read Chap 3 & p 77-98 & 108 2.Black book: Read Chap 3 & p75-96 & 106 Objectives: 1. List metric measurement units for microorganisms and convert to other metric units (m, mm, um,
More informationThe Prokaryotes & Viruses
The Prokaryotes & Viruses Lab Exercise Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 2 Activity.2 Blue-Green Algae 2 Activity.3 Viruses 3 Activity.4 Gram Staining of Bacteria
More informationTest Bank for Microbiology A Systems Approach 3rd edition by Cowan
Test Bank for Microbiology A Systems Approach 3rd edition by Cowan Link download full: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bankfor-microbiology-a-systems-approach-3rd-by-cowan/ Chapter 1: The Main Themes
More informationAdding the class. Prerequisites. Welcome to Bio 139 General Microbiology. Syllabus. Amy Rogers, M.D., Ph.D.
Adding the class Welcome to Bio 139 General Microbiology Amy Rogers, M.D., Ph.D. Lectures MW 12:00-1:15 PM (section 8) Labs: MW 1:30-2:45 PM or MW 3:00 PM-4:15 PM I anticipate a large number of students
More informationPrinciples of Biotechnology Lectures of week 4 MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Principles of Biotechnology Lectures of week 4 MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY What are microbes? Germs, microbe s s microorganisms are minute living things that individually
More informationMicrobiology 2320 Spring 2017 Dr. Milind Suraokar CRN# 18168
Microbiology 2320 Spring 2017 Dr. Milind Suraokar CRN# 18168 PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
More informationIntroduction to Microbiology. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani
Introduction to Microbiology CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani Microbiology Micro- means very small (that needs a microscope to see). Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms.
More informationchapter one: the history of microbiology
chapter one: the history of microbiology Revised 6/19/2018 microbes microscopic (small) organisms, viruses, prions prefix sci. notation frac. equivalent dec. equivalent kilo- (k) 1 10 3 1000/1 = 1000 1000
More informationExercise VI. Differential Staining: The Gram Stain
Exercise VI Differential Staining: The Gram Stain The Gram stain, discovered by Dr. Hans Christian Gram in 1884, is the most useful differential stain used to aid in identifying bacteria. It divides bacterial
More informationTest Bank for Microbiology A Systems Approach 3rd edition by Cowan
Test Bank for Microbiology A Systems Approach 3rd edition by Cowan Link download full: https://digitalcontentmarket.org/download/test-bank-formicrobiology-a-systems-approach-3rd-edition-by-cowan Chapter
More informationChapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 7.1: Life is Cellular
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 7.1: Life is Cellular Key Questions: 1) What is the cell theory? 2) How do microscopes work? 3) How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? THINK ABOUT IT
More informationCells Under the Microscope Measuring Cell Structures
Copy into Note Packet and Return to Teacher Chapter 3 Cell Structure Section 1: Looking at Cells Objectives Describe how scientists measure the length of objects. Relate magnification and resolution in
More informationIntroductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani
Introductory Microbiology Dr. Hala Al Daghistani Why Study Microbes? Microbiology is the branch of biological sciences concerned with the study of the microbes. 1. Microbes and Man in Sickness and Health
More informationWhat are living things, and how can they be classified?
Classifying Organisms What are living things, and how can they be classified? binomial nomenclature species genus dichotomous key cladogram Classifying Living Things Classification: organizing information
More informationMicrobiology. Definition of a Microorganism. Microorganisms in the Lab. The Study of Microorganisms
Microbiology The Study of Microorganisms Definition of a Microorganism Derived from the Greek: Mikros, «small» and Organismos, organism Microscopic organism which is single celled (unicellular) or a mass
More informationUse of light microscope and stereomicroscope: measuring microscopic
Experiment 1 Use of light microscope and stereomicroscope: measuring microscopic objects 1.1 Introduction The microscope is a major tool used by biologists, which was invented about 350 years ago. It is
More information7.1 Life is Cellular. Robert Hooke: Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The smallest unit of any organism- the cell. Robert Hooke
7.1 Life is Cellular Sunday, December 16, 2012 1:07 PM Vocabulary: Cell: basic unit of all forms of life Cell theory: fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells;
More informationChapter Introduction. of Life. Organisms. Chapter Wrap-Up. Steven P. Lynch
Steven P. Lynch Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Characteristics of Life Classifying Organisms Chapter Wrap-Up Exploring Life What are living things, and how can they be classified? What
More informationChapter 1. Introduction to Biology. The cell is the basic unit of life 1665-Robert Hooke- 1 st discovered cells in cork. The Seven Properties of Life
The Science of Life Student Learning Goals - Biology Science and Life SC.912.N.1.1 Goal: Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, & earth/space
More informationThe Discovery of the Cell
7-1 Life Is Cellular Review The cell is the basic unit of life! Life began with the first cell! All living things are composed of cells! Cells make up tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms! Understanding
More informationMICROBE MISSION - SAMPLE TOURNAMENT #1 by Karen L. Lancour
MICROBE MISSION - SAMPLE TOURNAMENT #1 by Karen L. Lancour STATION A: MICROSCOPY 1. A microscope has an 10 objective and oculars of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X. What is the range of magnification for this microscope.
More informationUNIT-5 EM WAVES UNIT-6 RAY OPTICS
UNIT-5 EM WAVES 2 Marks Question 1. To which regions of electromagnetic spectrum do the following wavelengths belong: (a) 250 nm (b) 1500 nm 2. State any one property which is common to all electromagnetic
More informationA. Incorrect! In the binomial naming convention the Kingdom is not part of the name.
Microbiology Problem Drill 08: Classification of Microorganisms No. 1 of 10 1. In the binomial system of naming which term is always written in lowercase? (A) Kingdom (B) Domain (C) Genus (D) Specific
More informationName Date Class. W What I Want to Learn. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3. NEW binomial nomenclature species genus dichotomous key cladogram
Name Date Class Chapter 9 1 The Practice of Science 2 The Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms 15 Diversity and Evolution of Living Organisms THINK
More informationMODULE 2 : FOUNDATIONS IN BIOLOGY
OCR A LEVEL BIOLOGY MODULE 2 : FOUNDATIONS IN BIOLOGY REVISION NOTES For 2015 onwards specification Miss T Banda All living things are primarily made from 4 key elements: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen
More informationThe Discovery of the Cell
The Discovery of the Cell The Discovery of the Cell Because there were no instruments to make cells visible, the existence of cells was unknown for most of human history. This changed with the invention
More informationLife is Cellular. At the cellular level, what is the difference between animal cells and bacterial cells? How do microscopes work?
Life is Cellular At the cellular level, what is the difference between animal cells and bacterial cells? How do microscopes work? Objectives 8a) I can state the cell theory and distinguish between prokaryotes
More informationBiology Slide 1 of 31
Biology 1 of 31 2 of 31 The Discovery of the Cell The Discovery of the Cell Because there were no instruments to make cells visible, the existence of cells was unknown for most of human history. This changed
More information8.1 Life is cellular
8.1 Life is cellular Early Microscopes In 1665, Englishman Robert Hooke used a microscope to look at a slice of cork. Cork was made of tiny, empty chambers that Hooke called cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
More informationOutline. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea
Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea Chapter 21 Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea Outline The Viruses The Viruses Viruses are noncellular
More informationMicrobial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity
19 Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Taxonomy Introduction to Microbial Taxonomy
More informationLecture one Introduction to the Cell Biology
Lecture one Introduction to the Cell Biology INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL Both living and non-living things are composed of molecules made from chemical elements such as Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
More informationBiology First Nine Weeks Review
Name Date Test Date: November 12, 2009 Biology First Nine Weeks Review Modified True/False Directions: Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or fals If false, change the identified word to
More informationMICROSCOPY AND CELLS BIO 171 WEEK 3
MICROSCOPY AND CELLS BIO 171 WEEK 3 MICROSCOPY THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE System of lenses arranged to produce an enlarged, focusable image of a specimen. MICROSCOPY THE MICROSCOPE Illuminating System
More informationKNOW the MICROBES. What are microbes? What are the different types? Who saw them first? How small are they? How do they look?
KNOW the MICROBES What are microbes? What are the different types? Who saw them first? How small are they? How do they look? - PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North
More informationChapter 01: Scope of Microbiology VanMeter: Microbiology for the Healthcare Professional, 2nd Edition
Chapter 01: Scope of Microbiology VanMeter: Microbiology for the Healthcare Professional, 2nd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In the sixteenth century a father-and-son team, by the name of, produced a compound
More informationAP5301/ Name the major parts of an optical microscope and state their functions.
Review Problems on Optical Microscopy AP5301/8301-2015 1. Name the major parts of an optical microscope and state their functions. 2. Compare the focal lengths of two glass converging lenses, one with
More informationTake-Home Quiz I. Summer 2005 Semester
General Instructions and Information: Obtain an answer sheet from the instructor and legibly write your name in the appropriate space. After placing your name, you must enter your Patron ID Number (NOT
More informationChapter 17. Table of Contents. Objectives. Taxonomy. Classifying Organisms. Section 1 Biodiversity. Section 2 Systematics
Classification Table of Contents Objectives Relatebiodiversity to biological classification. Explainwhy naturalists replaced Aristotle s classification system. Identifythe main criterion that Linnaeus
More informationObjectives. Classification. Activity. Scientists classify millions of species
Objectives Classification Notes 8.1 Summarize classification Describe the evidence used to classify organisms. List the seven levels of classification. Describe and list the six kingdoms of living organisms
More informationBACTERIA. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani
BACTERIA CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Miss Zeina Alkudmani Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells possess simpler structures than eukaryotic cells, since they do not have a nucleus or a lot of cytoplasmic organelles.
More informationExercise 6-B STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS GRAM STAIN
Exercise 6-B STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS GRAM STAIN Introduction The Gram stain, developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884, is a staining technique allowing different types of microorganisms (usually bacteria)
More informationMicrobial Taxonomy. Classification of living organisms into groups. A group or level of classification
Lec 2 Oral Microbiology Dr. Chatin Purpose Microbial Taxonomy Classification Systems provide an easy way grouping of diverse and huge numbers of microbes To provide an overview of how physicians think
More informationChapter 1. Basics of Microbiology
Chapter 1 Basics of Microbiology Objectives How microorganisms are classified (taxonomy) What they look like (morphology) The major divisions among microorganisms based upon their function in the environment
More informationCHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE Biology Bio - life Logy- the study of Biology is the study of life or living things Some branches of Biology include- Microbiology, Marine Biology, Botany, Zoology, Ecology
More informationTaxonomy. Content. How to determine & classify a species. Phylogeny and evolution
Taxonomy Content Why Taxonomy? How to determine & classify a species Domains versus Kingdoms Phylogeny and evolution Why Taxonomy? Classification Arrangement in groups or taxa (taxon = group) Nomenclature
More informationLiving Things. Chapter 2
Living Things Chapter 2 Section 1: What is Life? 6 Characteristics of Living Things: 1. cellular vs. cellular 2. Composed of 5 essential chemicals 1. 2. - main energy source 3. 4. (Fats) 5. - genetic material
More informationCytology: Microscopy
Cytology: Microscopy Unit Objective I can describe the form and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their cellular components. During this unit, we will describe scientific relationships between
More informationMicrobiology and Immunology BIOL200, BIOL343. Microbiology
Microbiology and Immunology BIOL200, BIOL343 Microbiology 2 1 Course Outline MICROBIOLOGY: Introduction: Microbial world and the historical roles of the microbiologist; cell theory, spontaneous generation,
More informationReading Preview. Cell Discovery and Theory. History of the Cell Theory. Essential Questions
Cell Discovery and Theory The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of cells. Real-World Reading Link The different parts of your body might seem to have nothing in common. Your heart, for example,
More informationBiology Classification Unit 11. CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics
Biology Classification Unit 11 11:1 Classification and Taxonomy CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics TAXONOMY: the science of classifying living things
More informationMicrobial Diversity. Yuzhen Ye I609 Bioinformatics Seminar I (Spring 2010) School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University
Microbial Diversity Yuzhen Ye (yye@indiana.edu) I609 Bioinformatics Seminar I (Spring 2010) School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University Contents Microbial diversity Morphological, structural,
More informationBio10 Practice Lab Exam 1
Bio10 Practice Lab Exam 1 Instructions: Answer the following questions using the concepts pertaining to laboratory exercises. This information is in your textbook, lab manual, or instructor provided handouts.
More informationProkaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Lab Activity
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Lab Activity Name: Blk: INTRODUCTION Prokaryotic Cells Cells (the smallest individual units of life) are divided into two basic categories: prokaryotic cells, and eukaryotic
More informationRequired Materials: immersion oil microscopes Kim-wipes prepared microscope slides
Microbiology CA/IA Lab Microscopic Examination of Microbes September 10 Objectives: 1. learn how to use a microscope to examine microbes 2. learn to recognize the characteristics of different microbes
More informationStructure and Function of Plant and Animal Cells
Science 14 Unit C: From Life to Lifestyle Chapter 8 Structure and Function of Plant and Animal Cells WORKBOOK Name: 8.1 A Closer Look pp. 158-164 Read pp. 158-159 Before the invention of microscope technology,
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell. State Standards. Introduction to Cells. Standard 1.c. Standard 1.e.
Slide 1 Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell Slide 2 State Standards Standard 1.c. Standard 1.e. Slide 3 Introduction to Cells Organisms are either - Single-celled, such as - Multicelled, such as The human body
More informationMicroscopy and the Diversity of Microorganisms
Microscopy and the Diversity of Microorganisms Today we will learn how to use one of the most important tools a biologist has, the microscope. We will use the microscope to study organisms throughout the
More informationBiology 160 Cell Lab. Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm. Student Learning Outcomes:
Biology 160 Cell Lab Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm Student Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of today s lab you will be able to do the following: Properly use a compound light microscope Discuss the
More informationBacteria are very small
BACTERIA BACTERIA Bacteria are very small Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria BACTERIA LIVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE Hot springs
More informationChapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter focus Shifting from the process of how evolution works to the pattern evolution produces over time. Phylogeny Phylon = tribe, geny = genesis or origin
More informationGEOMETRICAL OPTICS Practical 1. Part II. OPTICAL SYSTEMS
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS Practical 1. Part II. OPTICAL SYSTEMS 1 Introduction Optical systems can consist of a one element (a one lens or a mirror, a magnifying glass), two or three lenses (an eyepiece, theatrical
More informationCELL LAB OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION: CELL UNIT. After completing this lab you should be able to:
AP BIOLOGY CELL UNIT ACTIVITY #3 NAME DATE HOUR CELL LAB OBJECTIVES After completing this lab you should be able to: 1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, 2. Prepare wet mount slides
More informationChapter 19. Microbial Taxonomy
Chapter 19 Microbial Taxonomy 12-17-2008 Taxonomy science of biological classification consists of three separate but interrelated parts classification arrangement of organisms into groups (taxa; s.,taxon)
More informationClassification of Microorganisms. By Dr. Carmen Rexach Mt San Antonio College Microbiology
Classification of Microorganisms By Dr. Carmen Rexach Mt San Antonio College Microbiology Taxonomy Science of classification of organisms Aids in categorizing organisms not yet studied in detail Aids in
More informationSubject: Staining-Bacterial Cell Structure Lecture Number: 3 Done by: Joud Baki Corrected by: Issa Deir
Subject: Staining-Bacterial Cell Structure Lecture Number: 3 Done by: Joud Baki Corrected by: Issa Deir 0 Principles of staining: - Revision: Stains can be either simple or differential Gram stains are
More informationCells and Microscopes Biology Concepts of Biology 2.1
Cells and Microscopes Biology 100 - Concepts of Biology 2.1 Name Instructor Lab Section Objectives: To gain an understanding of how to: Correctly use the compound light microscope Differentiate between
More informationINTRODUCTION prokaryotic eukaryotic pigments
INTRODUCTION This exercise is intended for you to get familiar and comfortable with using a microscope as well as identifying common microbial groups. Thus, we will observe representatives of all microbes
More informationLearning Outcome B1 13/10/2012. Student Achievement Indicators. Taxonomy: Scientific Classification. Student Achievement Indicators
Classification of Living Organisms Learning Outcome B1 Learning Outcome B1 Apply the Kingdom System of classification to study the diversity of organisms. Student Achievement Indicators Students who have
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS 1. Taxonomy The branch of biology that deals with the classification of living organisms About 1.8 million species of plants and animals have been identified. Some scientists
More informationExperiment #4 Nature of Light: Telescope and Microscope and Spectroscope
Experiment #4 Nature of Light: Telescope and Microscope and Spectroscope In this experiment, we are going to learn the basic principles of the telescope and the microscope that make it possible for us
More informationBacteria are very small
BACTERIA BACTERIA Bacteria are very small Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei (Eukaryotic cells) This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
More informationThe Road to the Six Kingdoms
Bio 2201 Unit 2 The Road to the Six Kingdoms A 2011study estimated there are about 8.6 million species on earth. Only 1.8 million species have been identified and named. *Chromista is a sub-kingdom group
More informationtip conducting surface
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. The diagram shows the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) above a conducting surface. The tip is at a potential of 1.0 V relative to the surface. If the tip is sufficiently
More informationCHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE BIOLOGICAL THEMES 1. Cell Structure & Function cell is the basic unit of life all organisms are composed of at least one cell Unicellular single celled ; bacteria,
More informationWorksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology
Worksheet for Morgan/Carter Laboratory #13 Bacteriology Ex. 13-1: INVESTIGATING CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA Lab Study A: Colony Morphology Table 13.1 Characteristics of Bacterial Colonies Name of Bacteria
More informationObjectives. Key Terms
Objectives Explain the main ideas of the cell theory. Describe how microscopes aid the study of cells. Compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
More informationChapter 2 Review Ms. Oshan
Ms. Oshan 1. The graph below shows the levels of glucose and insulin in the blood of a human over a period of time. This graph represents A) an allergic reaction B) an antigen-antibody reaction C) maintenance
More informationChapter 4 A Tour of the Cell. The human body is made up of trillions of cells many of which are specialized - Muscle cells
Chapter 4 A Tour of the Cell State Standards Standard 1.c. Standard 1.e. Introduction to Cells Organisms are either - Single-celled, such as - Multicelled, such as The human body is made up of trillions
More informationOrigins of Life. Fundamental Properties of Life. Conditions on Early Earth. Evolution of Cells. The Tree of Life
The Tree of Life Chapter 26 Origins of Life The Earth formed as a hot mass of molten rock about 4.5 billion years ago (BYA) -As it cooled, chemically-rich oceans were formed from water condensation Life
More informationThe Tree of Life. Living stromatolites. Fossil stromatolites 3.5 bya. Fossilized cellular life
The Tree of Life The Earth is at least 4.5 billion years old. Although the oldest rocks on Earth that can be aged date to 3.9 billion years, other objects in our solar system (the Moon and asteroids) date
More informationBacterial Gram Staining
PR021 G-Biosciences 1-800-628-7730 1-314-991-6034 technical@gbiosciences.com A Geno Technology, Inc. (USA) brand name Bacterial Gram Staining Teacher s Guidebook (Cat. # BE 202) think proteins! think G-Biosciences
More informationMICROBE MISSION SAMPLE 2. (You are given a microscope with a 10 X ocular and 4, 10, and 40 X objectives.)
PART 1: Microscopy (You are given a microscope with a 10 X ocular and 4, 10, and 40 X objectives.) 1. What is the highest magnification possible with this microscope? 2. What is the range of magnification
More informationChapter 03 Microscopy and Cell Structure
Chapter 03 Microscopy and Cell Structure Multiple Choice Questions 1. Eukaryotic cells are A. less complex than prokaryotic cells. B. members of the Domains Bacteria and Archaea. C. defined by the presence
More informationMICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD
MICROBIOLOGY LAB #1 SAFETY RULES & GRAM STAIN METHOD Precaution processes are extremely important when working with cultures in the lab for the safety of the microbiologist from getting diseases from bacteria
More informationMicroscopes. October 28, 2014
Microscopes Magnification Power You multiply the ocular lens magnification by the magnification of the objective lens you are using. Ocular lens is 10X Low Power is 4X Total magnification 10 X 4 = 40X
More informationEvolution and Taxonomy Laboratory
Evolution and Taxonomy Laboratory 1 Introduction Evolution refers to the process by which forms of life have changed through time by what is described as descent with modification. Evolution explains the
More information