Polymers. What is a polymer? C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 CH 3 H. Polyethylene (PE) Polypropylene (PP) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
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1 Polymers What s a polymer? Poly many mer repeat unt repeat unt Polyethylene (PE) l repeat unt l l Polyvnyl chlorde (PV) 3 Polypropylene (PP) 3 repeat unt 3
2 Ancent Polymer story Orgnally many natural polymers were used Wood Rubber otton Wool Leather Slk Oldest known uses of Modern Polymers Rubber balls used by Incas Noah used ptch (a natural polymer) for the ark as had all ancent marners!
3 Polymer omposton Most polymers are hydrocarbons.e. made up of and (we also recognze S- slcones ) Saturated hydrocarbons Each carbon bonded to four other atoms n 2n+2
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5 Unsaturated ydrocarbons Double & trple bonds relatvely reactve can form new bonds Double bond ethylene or ethene - n 2n 4-bonds, but only 3 atoms bound to s Trple bond acetylene or ethyne - n 2n-2
6 Isomersm Isomersm two compounds wth same chemcal formula can have qute dfferent structures Ex: 8 18 n-octane = methyl-4-ethyl pentane (sooctane) 3 ( 2 )
7 hemstry of Polymers Free radcal polymerzaton R + R ntaton free radcal monomer (ethylene) R + R propagaton dmer Intator: example - benzoyl peroxde O O 2 O = 2 R
8 hemstry of Polymers Free radcal polymerzaton (addton polymerzaton) R + R ntaton free radcal monomer (ethylene) R + R propagaton dmer Intator: example - benzoyl peroxde O O 2 O = 2 R
9 ondensaton Polymerzaton Water s ondensed out durng polymerzaton of Nylon Some of the orgnal monomer s materals are shed (condensed out) durng polymerzaton process Process s conducted n the presence of a catalyst Water, O 2 are commonly condensed out but other compounds can be emtted ncludng N or other acds
10 Bulk or ommodty Polymers
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12 NOTE: See Table 15.3 for commercally mportant polymers ncludng trade names
13 MOLEULAR WEIGT Molecular weght, M : Mass of a mole of chans. Lower M hgher M M n total wt of polymer total #of molecules M M n w x w M M M w s more senstve to hgher molecular weghts Adapted from Fg. 14.4, allster 7e.
14 Molecular Weght alculaton Example: average mass of a class N M x w # of students mass (lb) M n M w 186 lb 216 lb M M x w n w N N all M x w N M all M N M
15 Degree of Polymerzaton, n n = number of repeat unts per chan w w n n m f m m m M n w n m M n x n unt repeat of weght average molecular where ( ) n = 6 mol. wt of repeat unt han fracton
16 Molecular Structures ovalent chan confguratons and strength: secondary bondng Lnear Branched ross-lnked Network Drecton of ncreasng strength
17 Polymers Molecular Shape onformaton Molecular orentaton can be changed by rotaton around the bonds note: no bond breakng needed Adapted from Fg. 14.5, allster 7e.
18 Polymers Molecular Shape onfguratons to change must break bonds Stereosomersm R R R or A A B D E E D B mrror plane
19 Tactcty Tactcty stereoregularty of chan R R R R R R R R R R R R sotactc all R groups on same sde of chan syndotactc R groups alternate sdes atactc R groups random
20 cs/trans Isomersm cs cs-soprene (natural rubber) bulky groups on same sde of chan trans trans-soprene (gutta percha) bulky groups on opposte sdes of chan
21 opolymers two or more monomers polymerzed together random A and B randomly vary n chan alternatng A and B alternate n polymer chan block large blocks of A alternate wth large blocks of B graft chans of B grafted on to A backbone random alternatng block A B graft
22 Polymer rystallnty Ex: polyethylene unt cell rystals must contan the polymer chans n some way han folded structure
23 Thermoplastcs vs. Thermosets Thermoplastcs: -- lttle crosslnkng -- ductle -- soften w/heatng -- polyethylene polypropylene polycarbonate polystyrene T moble lqud Thermosets: -- large crosslnkng (10 to 50% of mers) -- hard and brttle -- do NOT soften w/heatng -- vulcanzed rubber, epoxes, polyester resn, phenolc resn crystallne sold vscous lqud allster, rubber Fg tough plastc partally crystallne sold Molecular weght T m T g
24 Polymer Addtves Improve mechancal propertes, processablty, durablty, etc. Fllers Added to mprove tensle strength & abrason resstance, toughness & decrease cost ex: carbon black, slca gel, wood flour, glass, lmestone, talc, etc. Plastczers Added to reduce the glass transton temperature T g commonly added to PV - otherwse t s brttle
25 Stablzers Antoxdants UV protectants Polymer Addtves Lubrcants Added to allow easer processng sldes through des easer ex: Na stearate olorants Dyes or pgments Flame Retardants l/f & B
26 Processng of Plastcs Thermoplastc can be reversbly cooled & reheated,.e. recycled heat tll soft, shape as desred, then cool ex: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, etc. Thermoset when heated forms a network degrades (not melts) when heated mold the prepolymer then allow further reacton ex: urethane, epoxy
27 Polymer Types: Elastomers Elastomers rubber rosslnked materals Natural rubber Synthetc rubber and thermoplastc elastomers SBR- styrene-butadene rubber styrene butadene Slcone rubber
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30 Most plastcs are produced from crude ol, coal or gas. Many of them are not bodegradable and have become a vsble part of our envronmental ltter. Recyclng
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