Polypropylene. Monomer. mer

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1 Polymer Polymer: Maromolecule built-up by the linking together of a large no. of small molecules Ex. Nucleic acid, paper, bakelite,pvc Monomer: The small molecule which combine with each other Mer: The repeat unit Degree of polymerisation (DP): The no. of repeating unit(n)degree of polymerisation=molecular wt of the polymeric network/molecular wt of the repeating unit Depends on degree of polymerisation polymers are two types Oligo polymers:polymer with low mol.wt High ploymer: Polymer with high mol. wt

2 Polypropylene Monomer mer

3 Nomenclature of Polymer I. Based on the chemical structure of monomer i)homo polymer and ii)copolymer II. Based on the arrangement of monomer in the structur Homo Polymer: i)linear, ii)branched and iii)cross linked or 3-D polymer Co polymer: Linear:i) Regular, ii)alternating, iii) block and iv)random copolymer Branched: Graft copolymer Cross-linked copolymer III. Based on atoms in the main chain i)homochain polymer and ii)heterochain polymer

4 Nomenclature-contd I)Based on the chemical nature of the monomer units Homopolymer : Identical monomers (Polyethylene) Copolymer : Monomers with different chemical structure (Buna-S: butadiene and styrene) II) Based on structure of polymer chains (Homopolymer &Copolymer) i. Linear homopolymer : - A A A A ii. Branched homopolymer : - A A A A - A iii. Cross linked polymer : - A A A A A A A A - - A A A A A A A

5 Linear polymer

6 Branched chain polymer

7 Cross linked or 3-D polymer- Bakelite

8 Copolymers Regular Polymer : Regular arrangement of monomer units A&B Alternating copolymers with regular alternating A and B units Random copolymers with random sequences of monomer A and B Block copolymers comprised of two or more homo polymer subunits in long sequences linked by covalent bonds Graft Copolymers are a special type of branched copolymer in which the side chains are structurally distinct from the main chain. A-A-A-B-A-A-A-B-A-A-A-B Regular Copolymer

9 Nomenclature-contd III)III. Based on atoms in the main chain Homochain polymer: Main chain is made up of same species of atoms Ex., PVC ii)heterochain polymer: Main chain is made up of different atoms ex.,nylon 6:6 (mer),

10 Copolymer ( Buna-S or SBR) mer

11 Tacticity (Difference in Configuration) Affect their physical properties Isotactic: Functional gpsor side gps are all on the same side:ex., Polypropylene synthesised using Zielgar Natta catalyst Syndiotactic Arrangement of functional groups or side gps in alternating fashion: Gutta percha-natural rubber Atactic: Arrangement of functional gps or side gpsare at random around the main chain ex., Polypropylene

12 Functionality Number of bonding sites in a monomer It determines the structure of the polymer. Three Typee Bifunctional, trifunctional and polyfunctional1 1)Bifunctional monomer:two reactive sites or bonding sites. Reactive gp attach side by side to each other forming linear or straight chain molecule Monomer units linked by covalent bonds but different chains are held by van der Waals force Chain movement in one direction is possible Compound with double bond, amino acid, di-ol etc., ex., ethylene glycol, ethylene.

13 Functionality -contd 2)Trifunctional monomer: Contains three active sites Result in branched chain molecule even if it presents in small amount with bifunctional monomer ex.,dimethylol phenol Movement of chain molecules are restricted due to presence of side chain 3) Containing more than three functional gps.ex., trimetylol phenol Monomers are connected to each other by covalent bonds which results in the formation of 3D network ex., bakelite The movement of individual molecules are prevented by strong cross-links

14 Types of Polymerisation Addition or Chain polymerisation : Polymer is formed by an addition reaction, where many monomers bond together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule Monomers contains one or more double bonds which by intermolecular rearrangement make the polymer which is an exact multiple of monomer Reaction is instigated by the application of heat, light, pressure or a catalyst -break the double bond. The polymerisation once initated cannot continue indefinitely as it becomes difficult to sustain long chain. Growth reaction adds repeating units one at a time to the chain Ex for Homo polymerisation ; PVC

15 Addition or Chain polymerisation Ex. Homo polymerisation :,Nylon-6: Involves an intramolecular rearrangement of bonds by opening of cyclic monomer Ex. Copolymerization of two different monomer:polybutadiene-costyrene mer

16 Condensation or Step Polymerisation Reaction between simple polar gp containing monomers Formation of polymer takes place by elimination of small molecules like water, HCl, CH3OH, NH3 etc., An intermolecular combination of monomer. When monomers contain three functional gps it may give cross-linked structure molecule. Ex.,(Nylon 6,6) n n + 2n H2O n

17 Chain and condensation polymerisation Chain polymerisation Monomer must have two bonding sites Inter molecular or intramolecular Rearrangement Mostly results in homo chain polymer Only growth reaction adds repeating units one at a time to the chain Number of units decreases steadily throughout the reaction Reaction mixture contains only monomer and polymer- no other pdts Linear polymer and Thermoplastics Mol. Wt of polymer is exact multiple of mol.wt of monomer longer reaction time has little effect on the molecular wt but gives higher yields Condensation polymerisation Monomer must contain polar group Intermolecular combination of monomers Mostly results in hetero chain polymer All types of molecular species present can react Monomer disappears early in the reaction All types of molecular species and by products are present at any stage Branched and cross-linked polymerthermosetting plastics Molecular wt is not an exact multiple of mol.wt of monomer Moecular mass (DP)rises steadily throughout the reaction and hence reaction time is essential

18 Classification Based on origin: Natural (Cellulose, Protein, silicone) and synthetic (Bakelite) Based on Structure Linear, Branched, 3-dimensional or cross linked Based on main chain (back bone/ skeleton) i) Homo chain: made up of single type of atom (ex) PE ii) Hetero chain: made up of different types of atoms (ex)nylons Based on molecular forces (Thermal behaviour) Thermoplastics, Thermosetting plastics, Fibres, Elastomers Based on method of synthesis Addition polymer (eg) PE, PP, PS, nylon 6. Condensation polymer (eg)polyesters, nylon 6,6

19 Thermo plastics and Thermosetting plastics Thermo plastics Soften on heating and harden on cooling reversibly Long-chain macromolecule Addition polymerisation Reshaped, reused Soft, weak and less brittle Reclaimed from waste Soluble in some org. solvents Ex., PVC Thermosetting Plastics Do not soften; they burn on heating 3-D cross-linked structure with co-valent bond Condensation polymer Can not be reshaped Hard, strong and brittle Cannot be reclaimed Due to strong bonds and cross links they are insoluble in almost all org. solvents Ex.,Bakelite

20 Elastomers and Fibers Elastomer: Rubber High elastic properties Can be stretched to 4 to 10 times its original length Unstressed condition they are not in straigth chain but in the form of coil Fibers Held by strong intermolecular forces like H-bonding Continuous filament ex. Cellulose

21 Plastics Org.materials of high mol.wt, which can be moulded into any desired form, when subject to pressure and heat in presence of the catalyst Resin Basic binding material, a macro molecule (polymer), major parts of the plastics Undergoes polymerization and condensation during preparation (Thermosetting plastics). Mixed with 4-10 ingredients-compounding of plastics

22 Classification Plastics 1) Based on usage Commodity plastics PE, PS, PP, PVC, Engineering Plastics Teflon (PTFE),PC (Lexan), Polyesters and Polyamides (Nylon, PET) 2) Based on thermal behaviour Thermoplsatics Thermosetting plastics

23 Engineering Plastics Used to replace conventional materials like metal, wood, glass, ceramics etc. Used to develop composite articles Characteristics Resistant to corrosion cast into any desired shape light-weight low thermal coefficient of expansion chemical inertness low melt.pt. decorative finish impermeable to water low heat resistance deformation under load, High abrasion resistance Dimensional stability

24 Applications In automobile In defense Electrical and electronics Telecommunication Textile Satellite Computer components (table top, screen) Robots In aeronautical engineering Chemical industry Paper Industry Adhesives Lubricants

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