POLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -2
|
|
- Angela Knight
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 6 POLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -2 POLYMER CHEMISTRY Classification on the basis of tactility On the basis of orientation of functional group or side groups throughout the long backbone chain of any polymer polymer can be divided into to three parts: i) Isotactic polymer ii) Syndiotactic polymer iii) Atactic polymer i) Isotactic polymer: Isotactic polymer Polymer in which orientation of functional group or side groups are at the same side throughout the main or long backbone chain are called isotactic polymer. Due to presence of functional group or side groups same side throughout the polymeric backbone chain these polymer cis polymer. Example: Cis polyisoprene (Natural Rubber). ii) Syndiotactic polymer: Syndiotactic polymer 11
2 12 CHAPTER 6. POLYMER CHEMISTRY LECTURE/LESSION PLAN -2 Polymer in which orientation of functional group or side groups are arrange in the alternate fashion throughout the main or long backbone chain are called syndiotactic polymer. Due to presence of functional group or side groups alternate fashion throughout the polymeric backbone chain these polymer also are trans polymer. Example: Trans polyisoprene (Guttaparcha) polypropylene. iii) Atactic polymer: Atactic polymer Polymer in which orientation of functional group or side groups are arrange in the Random or haphazard fashion throughout the main or long backbone chain are called atactic polymer. Example: polypropylene Classification on the basis of molecular force The quality of polymer can be characterized by their different mechanical properties like tensile strength modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, elongation at break, flexural strength, impact indentation strength, abrasion test, tearing strength etc. These mechanical properties are depending upon intermolecular forces like Vander Walls forces, dipole-dipole interaction etc. among the polymeric backbone chain and hydrogen bonding. These molecular forces are very much dependent on the functional group in the backbone chain and the size of the polymer molecule. On the basis of molecular forces polymer can be divided into to five parts: i) Elastomer ii) Fiber iii) Thermoplastic iv) Thermosetting plastic i) Elastomer: The polymers in which the molecular forces like Vander Walls forces dipole-dipole interaction among the polymeric backbone chain and hydrogen bondings are very weak resulting the weak mechanical properties like tensile strength modulus of ruptured modulus of elasticity elongation at break flexural strength impact indentation strength abrasion test tearing strength etc. These polymers are stretched over a long range during application of stress and when stress is removed they return back to their original shape. This is the main and important properties of elastomer. Elastomers are mainly having long chain in coiled form with some inter linking among the long chain. During application of stretching force these coils get straight towards the direction of applied force and when the force is withdrawal the interlinking helps to return back to its original form of coiling. Examples: Natural rubber. ii) Fiber: The polymers which have higher inter molecular forces like Vander Walls forces dipoledipole interaction among the polymeric backbone chain and hydrogen bondings than elastomers and fiber resulting comparatively strong mechanical properties like tensile strength modulus of ruptured modulus of elasticity elongation at break flexural strength impact indentation strength abrasion test tearing strength etc. These polymers are thin and thread type. Due to flexible nature these polymer can be woven. Examples: Nylon66 Terylene Dacron Polyester Orlon Acrilon. iii) Thermoplastic: The polymers which have intermediate inter molecular forces like Vander
3 6.1. ADDITION POLYMERIZATION 13 Walls forces dipole-dipole interaction among the polymeric backbone chain and hydrogen bondings in between elastomers and fiber resulting comparatively strong mechanical properties like tensile strength modulus of ruptured modulus of elasticity elongation at break flexural strength impact indentation strength abrasion test tearing strength etc. higher than elastomer but lower than fiber.it have normally linear polymeric chain sometimes cross linking between chains. The main property of thermoplastics is these are hard at room temperature and on application of heat the polymer become soft and fluid like but when heat source is removed again it become hard. Depending on this characteristic of thermoplastics they can moulded any desire shape after melting. Due to presence of no or few cross linking the polymer chains are slide over other on heating. So thermoplastics polymers are reversible and recyclable. Examples: polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene etc. 6.1 Addition polymerization During the process of polymeric chain growth if there is only addition of monomers with out the loss of any small molecule and the polymer is an exact multiple of used monomer unit is called addition polymerization. Example of addition polymers are PE PVC, PP etc Mechanism of addition polymerization Addition polymerization proceed through two types of mechanism A) Free radical mechanism B) Ionic mechanism. A) Ionic mechanism are two typei) Cationic mechanism ii)) Anionic mechanism Every polymerization reaction proceeds through three steps- 1) Chain initiation 2) Chain propagation 3) Chain termination 1) Chain initiation: This is the first step of polymerization reaction where initiator activate the monomer unit resulting in the formation of active center in monomer unit. M(Monomer) + I(Initiator) = M (active center in monomer unit) I (Free radical, heat, pressure, catalyst etc.) 2) Chain propagation: This is the second step of polymerization reaction where second third forth... monomer units are added with activated monomer unit consecutively resulting in the formation of large chain unit.
4 14 CHAPTER 6. POLYMER CHEMISTRY LECTURE/LESSION PLAN -2 M (active center in monomer) + M(Monomer) = M M M M + M(Monomer) = M M M M M M + M(Monomer) = M M M M = (M)n M 3) Chain termination: This is the third and final step of polymerization reaction where termination of active center is removed by the following possible way a) Recombination of two smaller activated monomers b) Recombination of two larger activated polymeric chain c) Recombination of one smaller activated monomer with a larger activated monomer d) Disproportion(Simultaneous oxidation and reduction of two activated monomers) A) Free radical mechanism: It is the way of polymerization where the initiator of the reaction is a free radical. This initiator free radical is produced by many way but one of the important way is decomposition of the compound by sun light, heat, catalyst etc. As example peroxide, hydroperoxide, peracid are very useful initiator in organic polymerization reaction. Benzoyl peroxide Decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in presence of sun light or heat form free radical as initiator- Now, the following three common steps of free radical polymerization reaction are 1) Chain initiation: This is the first step of polymerization reaction where initiator is added to the monomer unit resulting in the formation of free radical center in monomer unit. Free radical chain initiation of vinyl chloride 2) Chain propagation: This is the second rapid step of polymerization reaction where second third forth... monomer units are added with generated free radical monomer unit consecutively resulting in the formation of large chain radical.
5 6.1. ADDITION POLYMERIZATION 15 Free radical chain prpagation of vinyl chloride 3) Chain termination: This is the third and final step of polymerization reaction where termination of free radical after long propagation is takes place by the following possible way A) Recombination of two smaller free radicals: Free radical chain termination of vinyl chloride B)Recombination of two larger polymeric free radical chain: C) Recombination of one smaller free radical monomer with a larger free radical: D) Disproportion:(Simultaneous oxidation and reduction of activated long chain free radical) In this process any one free radical centered carbon atom abstracted hydrogen free radical(reduction) from other(oxidation) free radical and thereby chain termination takes place. One important think is one of the products is unsaturated as below. Other important way of chain termination is- 1) Inhibitor reaction: The process of termination is done by inhibitor, a compound which inhibit the growth of polymerization reaction by termination. This termination is done when inhibitor combine with generated free radical and give comparatively stable product. Oxygen, Nitrobenzene, Dinitrobenzene and phenolic materials are act as inhibitor in many organic polymerization reaction. Example of polymers formed by free radical mechanism are polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene, styrene butadiene etc. B) Ionic polymerization:it is the way of polymerization where the initiator of the reaction is an ion. This initiator ion is formed from specific Lewis acid or base produce cation(carbonium ion) or anion(carbanion)on the monomer unit. Depending up on this cation and or anion formation ionic polymerization is devided into two parts - i) Cationic mechanism: It is the way of polymerization where the initiator of the reaction is formed by the combination of Lewis acid(alcl 3, FeCl 3, BF 3 ) used as catalyst with a co catalyst like water. 1)Chain initiation: This is the first step of cationic polymerization reaction where initiator is added to the monomer unit resulting in the formation of cation center(carbinium ion) in monomer unit.
6 16 CHAPTER 6. POLYMER CHEMISTRY LECTURE/LESSION PLAN -2 Cationic chain initiation of vinyl chloride 2) Chain propagation: This is the second rapid step of cationic polymerization reaction where second third forth...monomer units are added with generated cation center(carbinium ion) in monomer unit consecutively resulting in the formation of large chain cation. Cationic chain propagation of vinyl chloride 3) Chain termination: This is the third and final step of polymerization reaction where termination of cation after long propagation is takes place by a) Proton release b) or by combination with any part of initiator Cationic chain termination of vinyl chloride a) Proton release: It is the way of long chain termination of cationic polymerization by release of proton from carbonium ion chain to the counter ion attached consequently form unsaturated compound. b) combination with any part of initiator: It is the way of long chain termination of cationic polymerization by the formation of covalent bond by the combination of carbonium ion with negative part of initiator. Example of polymers formed by cationic mechanism are Vinyl ethers, Styrene Isobutylene etc. ii) Anionic mechanism: It is the way of polymerization where the initiator of the reaction is formed by the combination of any Lewis base (n-buli, Alkyl-Na) alkali meal amide etc. )used as catalyst Chain initiation: This is the first step of anionic polymerization reaction where initiator is added to the monomer unit resulting in the formation of anion center(carbanion) in monomer unit.
7 6.1. ADDITION POLYMERIZATION 17 Anionic chain initiation of vinyl chloride 2) Chain propagation: This is the second rapid step of anionic polymerization reaction where second third forth...monomer units are added with generated anion center(carbanion) in monomer unit consecutively resulting in the formation of large chain anion. Anionic chain propagation of vinyl chloride 3) Chain termination: This is the third and final step of polymerization reaction where termination of anion after long propagation is takes place by the combination with any foreign compound(such as CH 3 OH, H 2 O, CO 2 ) added from outside. With out the addition of foreign compound the termination of anionic polymerization is not possible Anionic chain termination of vinyl chloride Electron withdrawing group like -CN, -COOH, -CHO stabilized the carbanion and hence boost up the anionic polymerization reaction. Example of polymers formed by anionic mechanism are Styrene, Isoprene, butadiene etc. Condensation polymerization: During the process of polymeric chain growth if there is reaction takes place between different functional group of single monomer or different monomers with the loss or elimination of compound like HCl, H 2 0 or other compound and the polymer is not an exact multiple of used monomer unit is called condensation polymer polymerization. Example of condensation polymer are PF UF, MF, Nylon PET etc.
8 18 CHAPTER 6. POLYMER CHEMISTRY LECTURE/LESSION PLAN -2 Coordination polymerization:organometallic compound has a great role in many chemical reaction as well as polymerization reaction also. When Organometallic compound act as initiator in Polymerization reaction is called coordination polymerization reaction. Zieglar and Natta first prepared polymer by coordination polymerization halide of Ti V, Zr, Cr, Wand Mo.The coordination polymerization can be done by the combination of halide of different transition metal like TiCl 2, TiCl 3, TiCl 4 etc. and organometallic compound such as trialkyl(trimethyl, Triethyl) aluminium. The most common and useful catalyst is the combination of triethyl aluminium with titanium trichloride. These catalysts are heterogeneous catalyst. The monomer catalyst complex involves coordination between a carbon atom of a monomer and a metal atom of the catalyst. In this polymerization the triethyl aluminium act as electron donor and and meal halide acts as an electron acceptor. The different catalysts for coordination polymerization reaction. Mechanism of coordination polymerization: 1) Chain initiation: This is the first step of coordination polymerization reaction where complex catalyst is added to the monomer unit resulting in the formation of metal-carbon bond in monomer unit. 2) Chain propagation: This is the second rapid step of coordination polymerization reaction where second third forth... monomer units are added with generated metal-carbon bond in monomer unit, consecutively resulting in the formation of large chain metal-carbon bond. 3) Chain termination: This is the third and final step of coordination polymerization reaction where termination of large chain metal-carbon is terminated by the transfer of hydrogen atom from monomer or from active hydrogen containing compound. Importance of coordination polymerization: 1) Normal free radical polymerization involves atactic polymer whereas coordination polymerization isotactic polymer. That means stereospecific polymer can be prepared by this coordination polymerization. Using this process(zeiglar-natta catalyst) of polymerization isoprene produces only stereospecific Cis-1,4-polyisoprene 2) Coordination polymerization always involves mainly linear polymer hence highly crystalline in nature.
MATERIALS SCIENCE POLYMERS
POLYMERS 1) Types of Polymer (a) Plastic Possibly the largest number of different polymeric materials come under the plastic classification. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene,
More informationLecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers
Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers Polymer Structure Polymers are found in nature as proteins, cellulose, silk or synthesized like polyethylene, polystyrene and nylon. Some natural polymers can also
More informationAnionic Polymerization - Initiation and Propagation
Anionic Polymerization Initiation and Propagation As in free radical polymerization, there are initiation and propagation steps. NH 2 NaNH 2 Na + + NH 2 + H 2 N CH: Propagation proceeds in the usual manner,
More informationDownloaded from Unit - 15 POLYMERS. Points to Remember
Unit - 15 POLYMERS Points to Remember 1. Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules which consist of repeating structural units derived from the appropriate monomers. 2. In presence of
More informationPolymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural
Question 15.1: Explain the terms polymer and monomer. Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (10
More informationThe functionality of a monomer is the number of binding sites that is/are present in that monomer.
Question 15.1: Explain the terms polymer and monomer. Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (10
More informationChapter : 15. POLYMERS. Level-1:Questions
1) What are polymers? Chapter : 15. POLYMERS Level-1:Questions A: These are referred to as Macromolecules which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. 2) Give two examples
More information(c) Dr. Payal B. Joshi
Polymer (Greek: poly=many; mer=part) Made up of large molecules characterized by repeating units called monomers held together by covalent bonds Functionality To act as monomer, it must have at least two
More informationChapter 13 - Polymers Introduction
Chapter 13 - Polymers Introduction I. Nomenclature A. Polymer/Macromolecule polymer - nonmetallic material consisting of large molecules composed of many repeating units - from Greek: poly (many) and meros
More informationFisika Polimer Ariadne L Juwono. Sem /2007
Chapter 4. Ionic and coordination (addition) polymerization 4.1. Similarities and contrast on ionic polymerization 4.2. Cationic polymerization 4.3. Anionic polymerization 4.4. Coordination polymerization
More informationUnit - 15 POLYMERS Points to Remember 1. Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules which consist of repeating structural units derived from the appropriate monomers. 2. In presence of
More informationPolypropylene. Monomer. mer
Polymer Polymer: Maromolecule built-up by the linking together of a large no. of small molecules Ex. Nucleic acid, paper, bakelite,pvc Monomer: The small molecule which combine with each other Mer: The
More informationPOLYMER SCIENCE : lecture 1. Dr. Hanaa J. Alshimary Second class Poly. Eng. Dep. Introduction of Polymers Polymer poly mer Monomer Polymerization
Introduction of Polymers Polymer - The word polymer is the Greek word : poly means many and mer means unit or parts, A Polymer is a large molecule that comprises repeating structural units joined by the
More informationPeriodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color.
Polymers 1. What are polymers 2. Polymerization 3. Structure features of polymers 4. Thermoplastic polymers and thermosetting polymers 5. Additives 6. Polymer crystals 7. Mechanical properties of polymers
More informationP O L Y M E R S. The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 106, Page 1 of 25
P O L Y M E R S The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 106, Page 1 of 25 POLYMERS Polymers are large, long-chain molecules. found in nature, including cellulose in plants, starches
More information2. Amorphous or Crystalline Structurally, polymers in the solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. When polymers are cooled from the molten state
2. Amorphous or Crystalline Structurally, polymers in the solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. When polymers are cooled from the molten state or concentrated from the solution, molecules are often
More informationPOLYMERS: MACROMOLECULES
C21 11/08/2013 16:8:37 Page 311 CHAPTER 21 POLYMERS: MACROMOLECULES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. An addition polymer is one that is produced by the successive addition of repeating monomer molecules.
More informationTop concepts Chapter : Polymers 1. Polymers are high molecular mass substance consisting of large number of repeating structural units. As polymers are single, giant molecules i.e. big size molecules,
More informationnot to be republished NCERT Unit I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals?
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals? Cellulose Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen 2. Which of the following is not a semisynthetic polymer?
More informationChapter 11. Polymer Structures. Natural vs man-made
. Polymer Structures Polymers: materials consisting of long molecules - the word polymer comes from the Greek Polys = many Meros = parts Macromolecules (long size of the chains) many parts - typically,
More informationPolymers and Composite Materials
Polymers and omposite Materials Shibu G. Pillai hemical Engineering Department shibu.pillai@nirmauni.ac.in ontents lassification of Polymers Types of polymerization Elastomers/ Rubber Advanced Polymeric
More information1.1 Basic Polymer Chemistry. 1.2 Polymer Nomenclature. 1.3 Polymer Synthesis. 1.4 Chain Growth Polymerization. Polymer =
1.1 Basic Polymer hemistry Polymers are the largest class of soft materials: over 100 billion pounds of polymers made in US each year lassification systems 1.2 Polymer Nomenclature Polymer = Monomer =
More informationTOPIC 7. Polymeric materials
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid www.uc3m.es MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TOPIC 7. Polymeric materials 1. Introduction Definition General characteristics Historic introduction Polymers: Examples 2.
More informationSCH4U Synthesis and Polymers. Synthesis Reactions and Addition and Condensation Polymers
SCH4U Synthesis and Polymers Synthesis Reactions and Addition and Condensation Polymers ADDITION POLYMERS ADDITION POLYMERS A + A + A + A A A A A monomers polymer + + + ethylene (ethene) polyethylene
More information1.3) Plastics Advantages and disadvantages Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.
CY6151 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY I UNIT 1 POLYMER SCIENCE LECTURE PLAN 1.1-A) Polymerization Introduction. 1.1-B) Functionality Definition Significance 1.1-C) Tacticity Isotactic, Syndiotactic and atactic.
More informationThermoplastic. Condensation. Homopolymer. Polymer POLYMERS. Synthetic. Natural. Addition. Copolymer. Polymer. Thermosetting
Thermoplastic Homopolymer Condensation Polymer Natural POLYMERS Synthetic Addition Polymer Copolymer Thermosetting Polymers are very large covalent molecular substances containing tens of thousands of
More informationChemistry Class 12 th NCERT Solutions
This e-book is prepared by the CBSE board exam experts of jagranjosh.com, an online educational portal of Dainik Jagran. The purpose of providing solutions for CBSE class 12 th Science and Mathematics
More informationPOLYMER STRUCTURES ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
POLYMER STRUTURES ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are the basic microstructural features? ow are polymer properties effected by molecular weight? ow do polymeric crystals accommodate the polymer chain? Melting
More informationCH 2 = CH - CH =CH 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Styrene is almost a unique monomer, in that it can be polymerized by practically all methods of chain polymerization. A. Free radical B. Anionic C. Cationic D. Co-ordination
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 14: Polymer Structures. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 14: Polymer Structures Dr. Coates 14.1 Introduction Naturally occurring polymers Wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather, silk Synthetic polymers Plastics,
More informationMaterials of Engineering ENGR 151 POLYMER STRUCTURES
Materials of Engineering ENGR 151 POLYMER STRUCTURES LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand different molecular and crystal structures of polymers What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of
More informationCombustion and thermal degradation of polymers
Polymers and biomaterials - laboratory Combustion and thermal degradation of polymers Theoretical background dr Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik University of Warsaw Faculty of Chemistry Chemical Technology Division
More informationPolymeric Materials. Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng.
Polymeric Materials Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaen Saen Campus, Nakorn Phathom, 73140 Thailand. Introduction Material
More informationPolymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers
Polymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers Polymers in Modified Asphalt Types of Polymers Compatibility of Polymers Effects of Polymers Analysis of polymers Recovery of PMA What Is a
More informationReactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes APTER SUMMARY Addition is the characteristic reaction of alkenes and alkynes. Since the carbons of a double or triple bond do not have the maximum number
More informationChapter 5. Ionic Polymerization. Anionic.
Chapter 5. Ionic Polymerization. Anionic. Anionic Polymerization Dr. Houston S. Brown Lecturer of Chemistry UH-Downtown brownhs@uhd.edu What you should know: What is anionic polymerization? What is MWD,
More informationLecture 26 Classification
Lecture 26 Classification April 24, 2018 Industrial Influence: Trade Names PVC poly (vinylidene chloride) Saran wrap PVC poly (vinyl chloride) Pipe and records PET poly (ethylene teraphthalate) Coke bottles,
More informationExperiment 5. Synthetic Polymers.
Experiment 5. Synthetic Polymers. References: Brown & Foote, Chapters 24 INTRODUCTION: A polymer (Greek: polys + meros = many parts) is a giant or macromolecule made up of repeating structural units. The
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:58)
Nature and Properties of Materials Professor Bishak Bhattacharya Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 18 Effect and Glass Transition Temperature In the last
More informationSUBJECT: Polymer Chemistry. STAFF NAME: DrA.Vijayabalan and S.Immanuel. UNIT-I (Part-A)
SUBJECT: Polymer Chemistry SUB.CODE: ECH618 STAFF NAME: DrA.Vijayabalan and S.Immanuel UNIT-I (Part-A) 1. Polymers are obtained by which of the following polymerization reaction. (a) Addition (c) Both
More informationPolymers. Steep Slope = 3/5 : Self-Avoiding Walk (Polymer Solution) Shallow Slope = 1/2 : Gaussian Random Walk (Polymer Melt)
Polymers 1 Polymers Steep Slope = 3/5 : Self-Avoiding Walk (Polymer Solution) Shallow Slope = 1/2 : Gaussian Random Walk (Polymer Melt) 2 If we consider a series of chains = 0 Except when i = j, and
More informationChapter 5: Structures of Polymers
hapter 5: Structures of Polymers ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of polymer molecules? What are some of the common polymeric materials, and how do they
More informationMolecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.
Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that
More informationOxidationof polymers. Degradation taking place in the presence of oxygen and temperature
Oxidationof polymers Degradation taking place in the presence of oxygen and temperature It is auto catalytic in nature with a stabilizing effect at higher level of temperature Ie. The rate gradually accelaerate
More informationA polymer is a very large molecule that is built from monomers. A monomer is one of the repeating units that make up a polymer.
1.8 Polymers The General Structure of Polymers A polymer is a very large molecule that is built from monomers. A monomer is one of the repeating units that make up a polymer. Many biological molecules,
More informationPOLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -4
Chapter 6 POLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -4 POLYMER CHEMISTRY 6.1 Rubber Rubber is a natural elastomeric polymer whose monomer unit is cis-2-methyle-1,3-butadiene. Raw rubber material is extracted
More informationDownloaded from Polymer. (one mark questions Q1 to Q20)
Polymer (one mark questions Q1 to Q20) Q1.Give the name and structure of reagent used for initiating a free radical chain reaction. Ans: Name- benzoylperoxide,c 6H 5-CO-O-O-CO-H 5C 6 Q2.Classify them as
More informationCHAPTER 4 Additional. Ziegler-Natta Polymerization. Ziegler-Natta Polymerization. Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
CHAPTER 4 Additional Ziegler-Natta polymerization is a method of vinyl polymerization. It's important because it allows one to make polymers of specific tacticity. Ziegler-Natta is especially useful, because
More informationPlastics are synthetic substances that can be moulded (often under heat and pressure) and retain the shape they are moulded into.
5.7: Polymers Plastics are synthetic substances that can be moulded (often under heat and pressure) and retain the shape they are moulded into. Polymers are large molecules that are made by linking together
More informationSee https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.
INDEX Downloaded via 148.251.232.83 on June 15, 2018 at 06:15:49 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. A Absorption spectra of cellulose
More information1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Chemistry (A-level)
1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Electrophoresis (Chapter 27): Chemistry (A-level) Electrophoresis: the separation of charged particles by their different rates of movement in
More informationIntroduction to Macromolecular Chemistry
Introduction to Macromolecular Chemistry aka polymer chemistry Mondays, 8.15-9.45 am except for the following dates: 01.+29.05, 05.+12.06., 03.07. Dr. Christian Merten, Ruhr-Uni Bochum, 2017 www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/chirality
More informationIII. Molecular Structure Chapter Molecular Size Size & Shape
III. Molecular Structure Chapter 3. 3. Molecular Size Size & Shape Molecular Structure (1)Molecular Size & Shape Size : molecular weight molecular weight distribution Shape : branching (2) Molecular Flexibility
More informationLecture 27 More Polymers
Lecture 27 More Polymers Step Chain April 26, 2016 Midterm Exam III Where: WEL 1.316!! When: Wed., May 4 th, 7:00 9:00 PM What: Covers lectures through 4/28 Review Session: Mon & Tues. 5-6 PM Monday PAI
More informationOrganic Chemistry. Radical Reactions
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my Organic Chemistry Radical Reactions by Dr. Seema Zareen & Dr. Izan Izwan Misnon Faculty Industrial Science & Technology seema@ump.edu.my & iezwan@ump.edu.my
More informationThis name hints at how polymers are made
Chapter- I Many + Parts This name hints at how polymers are made POLYMERS (the whole train) are made out of MONOMERS (individual cars of the train) joined together. repeat unit H H H H H H C C C C C
More informationOCR (A) Chemistry A-level. Module 6: Organic Chemistry and Analysis
OCR (A) Chemistry A-level Module 6: Organic Chemistry and Analysis Organic Synthesis Notes by Adam Robertson DEFINITIONS Heterolytic fission: The breaking of a covalent bond when one of the bonded atoms
More informationCatalysis & Sustainable Processes
Catalysis & Sustainable Processes The Polymers Story 8 lectures http://www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/cem3113.html username: chem3 password: carbon12 Lecturer: Associate Professor Sébastien Perrier s.perrier@chem.usyd.edu.au;
More informationPaul Rempp and Edward W. Merrill. Polymer Synthesis. 2nd, revised Edition. Hüthig & Wepf Verlag Basel Heidelberg New York
Paul Rempp and Edward W. Merrill Polymer Synthesis 2nd, revised Edition Hüthig & Wepf Verlag Basel Heidelberg New York Table of Contents Part I: Polymerization Reactions Chapter 1: General Considerations
More informationCationic Polymerization
10.569 Synthesis of Polymers Prof. Paula Hammond Lecture 26: Cationic ing pening Polymerization, ther ing pening Polymerization Cationic Polymerization Kk i k p [][ I ZY ][ M ] 2 = p k t Energetics of
More informationNote: Brief explanation should be no more than 2 sentences.
Her \Hmher UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FINAL EXAMINATION, April 26, 2017 DURATION: 2 and /2 hrs MSE245 - HiS - Second Year - MSE Organic Material Chemistry & Processing
More informationCOMPOSITE MATERIALS. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
COMPOSITE MATERIALS Office ours: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30 akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com Phone: +90 252 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department ISSUES TO ADDRESS Polymers Applications
More informationAn alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,
More informationCovalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Covalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Covalent Compounds 2 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are covalent bonds? 3 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent
More informationAlkenes (Olefins) Chapters 7 & 8 Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition John McMurry
Alkenes (Olefins) Chapters 7 & 8 Organic Chemistry, 8 th Edition John McMurry 1 Structure and Bonding 2 Structure and Bonding Rotation around the C=C bond is restricted 90 rotation The p orbitals are orthogonal
More informationEffect of crystallinity on properties. Melting temperature. Melting temperature. Melting temperature. Why?
Effect of crystallinity on properties The morphology of most polymers is semi-crystalline. That is, they form mixtures of small crystals and amorphous material and melt over a range of temperature instead
More informationClass XI Chapter 13 Hydrocarbons Chemistry
Question 13.1: How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane? Chlorination of methane proceeds via a free radical chain mechanism. The whole reaction takes place in the
More informationLecture 25 POLYMERS. April 19, Chemistry 328N
Lecture 25 POLYMERS Wallace Carothers April 19, 2016 Paul Flory Wallace Hume Carothers 1896-1937 Carothers at Dupont 1.Commercializion of Nylon https://www.chemheritage.org/ Nylon was first used for fishing
More informationPresentation shared files at:
Forrest Schultz, PhD Wisconsin State Science Olympiad Director Director, 2016 Science Olympiad National Tournament Chemistry National Rules Committee Professor, Department of Chemistry and Physics University
More informationElectronic materials and components-polymer types
Introduction Electronic materials and components-polymer types Polymer science is a broad field that includes many types of materials which incorporate long chain structures with many repeated units. One
More informationLecture 27 More Polymers
Lecture 27 More Polymers Step Chain April 25, 2018 Where: MEZ 1.306!! Final Exam When: Friday, May 11 th, 2:00 5:00 PM Do: Study lecture notes, homework, reading Practice: Hydrolysis, signatures and synthesis.
More informationSection 1 Compounds and Molecules
CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1 Compounds and Molecules Key Idea questions > What holds a compound together? > How can the structure of chemical compounds be shown? > What determines the properties of a compound?
More informationDr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University MECH 221 lecture 19/2
Polymers Outline Introduction Molecular Structure and Configurations Polymer s synthesis Molecular weight of polymers Crystallinity You may think of polymers as being a relatively modern invention however
More informationUnit title: Polymer Chemistry
Unit title: Polymer Chemistry Unit code: L/601/0415 QCF level: 5 Credit value: 15 Aim This unit enables learners to gain an understanding of aspects of the structure, reaction mechanisms and polymer preparations.
More informationPOLYMERS. The equations for polymerization are represented as below, where n stands for a large number.
POLYMERS Polymers are high molecular weight compounds in the range of 10 4-10 6, whose structures are composed of a large number of simple repeating units. The repeating units are usually referred to as
More informationChemistry Review: Atoms
Chemistry Review: Atoms Atoms are made up : nucleus containing protons and neutrons orbitals containing electrons (2, 8, 8,...). Valence electrons outermost electrons Chemistry Review: Atoms All atoms
More informationDr. Dina akhotmah-232 1
Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 1 Chemistry of polyfunction 1. Types of carbon atom Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 2 Classification of multiple bonds of polyunsaturated compounds Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 3 Organic chemistry,
More informationLecture 4 Chapter 13 - Polymers. Functional Groups Condensation Rxns Free Radical Rxns
Lecture 4 Chapter 13 - Polymers Functional Groups Condensation Rxns Free Radical Rxns Chemistry the whole year on one page Last semester Basic atomic theory Stoichiometry, balancing reactions Thermodynamics
More informationRadical Reactions. Radical = a substance with at least one unpaired electron. Radicals are very reactive substances.
Objective 14 Apply Reactivity Principles to Radical Reactions: Identify radical reaction conditions Describe mechanism Use curved arrows for common radical steps to predict product Radical Reactions Radical
More informationCarbon Compounds. Chemical Bonding Part 2
Carbon Compounds Chemical Bonding Part 2 Introduction to Functional Groups: Alkanes! Alkanes Compounds that contain only carbons and hydrogens, with no double or triple bonds.! Alkyl Groups A part of a
More informationOrganic Chemistry Review: Topic 10 & Topic 20
Organic Structure Alkanes C C σ bond Mechanism Substitution (Incoming atom or group will displace an existing atom or group in a molecule) Examples Occurs with exposure to ultraviolet light or sunlight,
More informationPacking of Atoms in Solids [5]
Packing of Atoms in Solids [5] Non dense, random packing Energy typical neighbor bond length typical neighbor bond energy r Dense, ordered packing Energy typical neighbor bond length typical neighbor bond
More informationIntroduction to Polymerization Processes
Introduction to Polymerization Processes Reference: Aspen Polymers: Unit Operations and Reaction Models, Aspen Technology, Inc., 2013. 1- Polymer Definition A polymer is a macromolecule made up of many
More informationUNIT 1 CHEMISTRY. How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained?
UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained? AoS 1: How Can the Knowledge of Elements Explain the Properties of Matter? AoS 2: How Can the Versatility of Non-Metals be Explained? AoS
More informationCHEMISTRY. Organic Polymer [Macromoleculers] weight and are made up of a great many simpler units identical to each other
1 EMISTRY rganic Polymer [Macromoleculers] By Dr. B.. Dixit. Definitions : (a) Monomer : The individual small molecules from which the polymer is formed are known as monomers. (b) Polymer : Polymers are
More informationPHYSICS OF SOLID POLYMERS
PYSIS OF SOLID POLYMERS Professor Goran Ungar WU E, Department of hemical and Biological Engineering Recommended texts: G. Strobl, The Physics of Polymers, Springer 996 (emphasis on physics) U. Gedde,
More informationPOLYMERS: Polymers are compounds of very high molecular masses formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules through chemical bonds.
POLYMERS POLYMERS: Polymers are compounds of very high molecular masses formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules through chemical bonds. n(c 2 =C 2 ) -(-C 2 -C 2 -) n - Polyethane
More informationAMINES & POLYMERS I.AMINES. is known as (a) Carbylamine reaction (b)reimer-tiemannreaction. 4. Hydrolysis of acetonitrile in acidic medium produces
AMINES & POLYMERS I.AMINES 1. A secondary amine is (a) An organic compound with two NH 2 groups (b) A compound with two carbon atoms and a NH 2 groups (c) A compound with a NH 2 group on the carbon atom
More informationPolymer Reaction Engineering
Polymer Reaction Engineering Polymerization Techniques Bulk Solution Suspension Emulsion Interfacial Polymerization Solid-State Gas-Phase Plasma Polymerization in Supercritical Fluids Bulk Polymerization
More informationMacromolecular Chemistry
Macromolecular Chemistry Lecture 5 Step Growth Chain Growth Paul Flory Clears Things Up Polymer Structure is distinct from polymerization process Addition Polymerization H H Condensation Polymerization
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Pressure in Solids: Pressure in Liquids: Pressure = force area (P = F A ) 1 Pressure = height density gravity (P = hρg) 2 Deriving Pressure in a Liquid Recall that:
More informationC2 Quick Revision Questions. C2 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
C2 Quick Revision Questions Question 1... of 50 What are the 3 main types of chemical bond? Answer 1... of 50 Ionic, Covalent & Metallic. Question 2... of 50 What force bonds atoms in an ionic bond? Answer
More informationWorksheet Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary
Worksheet 10.1 Chapter 10: Organic chemistry glossary Addition elimination reaction A reaction in which two molecules combine with the release of a small molecule, often water. This type of reaction is
More informationIntroduction to Alkanes
Introduction to Alkanes Alkanes do not react with most reagents for two reasons. First, carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds are very strong due to good orbital overlap. Second, the carbon-hydrogen
More informationHydrogenation. Most active appeared to be complexes of Co, Rh and Ir
Organometallic Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Dr. Alexey Zazybin Lecture N11 Kashiwa Campus, January 15, 2010 Hydrogenation The hydrogenation of olefins, impossible without catalyst, can be catalyzed
More informationCartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chemical Bonds Forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit. 3 Major Types: Ionic bonds transfer
More informationThis reactivity makes alkenes an important class of organic compounds because they can be used to synthesize a wide variety of other compounds.
This reactivity makes alkenes an important class of organic compounds because they can be used to synthesize a wide variety of other compounds. Mechanism for the addition of a hydrogen halide What happens
More informationHydrocarbon Molecules Polymer Molecules The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules
CHAPTER 14 POLYMER STRUCTURES PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Hydrocarbon Molecules Polymer Molecules The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 14.1 On the basis of the structures presented in this chapter, sketch repeat unit
More informationPolystyrene. Erica Wilkes
Polystyrene Erica Wilkes Polystyrene is a polymer made from the synthetic aromatic monomer styrene. Styrene in turn comes from the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Although ethylbenzene is found
More informationChem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline
Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,
More information