Gravimetry as a tool for hydrologic research at the Sutherland Observatory
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1 Gravimetry as a tool for hydrologic research at the Sutherland Observatory Andreas Güntner, Christoph Förste, Theresa Blume GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Gaathier Mahed, Maarten De Wit, Moctour Doucoure AEON / University of Cape Town
2 Quantifying variations in continental water storage Local to global water balances Water resources Flood risks and their changes in space and time Continental water balance P = E + R + S P: Precipitation E: Evapotranspiration R: Runoff S: Water storage change
3 Motivation Quantifying variations in continental water storage Several storage components in S: Snow and ice Groundwater Soil moisture Surface water storage Continental water balance S = P E R P: Precipitation E: Evaporation R: Runoff S: Water storage change
4 Water storage variations from satellite gravimetry GRACE satellite mission (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) Launched in March 2002 Monitoring of temporal variations of the gravity field of the Earth caused by mass transport processes in the - Earth's interior - Atmosphere - Oceans - Ice caps - Continental hydrology
5 Orders of magnitude of the different components of the gravity of the Earth: g = Static mass inhomogeneities Mass changes m/s 2 relativity, 1mm height difference ocean topography, polar motion hydrology (water storage changes) Earth and ocean tides, 1m height difference large water reservoirs mass inhomogeneities in the inner Earth mountains, deep ocean trenches, 1km height difference Earth flattening and rotation
6 Water storage variations on the continents from GRACE ITG (Bonn) GRACE 2010 daily Kalman smoother solutions
7 Temporal gravity changes measured by GRACE Geoid height changes Linear Trends over 4 years ( , expressed in cm water column) Glacier melting in Alaska Postglacial Uplift Glacier melting in Greenland Postglacial Uplift Sumatra earthquake cm 0 Source: CNES/GRGS Toulouse -12 cm
8 Depletion of groundwater resources in North-West India from GRACE (Indian States Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana, km²) Rodell et al. (2009), Nature
9 Water storage variations from GRACE satellite gravimetry Example Orange River Basin GRACE data Global hydrological models Gravimeter Sutherland Speicheranomalien (mm)
10 Time-variable gravity data for hydrology Temporal variations of the gravity field of the Earth Water mass variations on the continents after removal of other mass components S = P - Q - E S: Water storage change P: Precipitation E: Evaporation Q: Runoff Only integrative and large-scale measurement of S for hydrology Gravimetric data in hydrology 10 Andreas Güntner GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
11 Water storage variations from time-variable gravity GRACE evapotranspiration precipitation snow coverage and melt soil moisture variations infiltration Gravimeter surface runoff Subsurface runoff goundwater storage variations
12 Superconducting gravimeters Superconducting gravitmeters allow for extremly precise monitoring of local gravity changes Accuracy: ~ g (1 nanogal) Measurement of temporal gravity variations caused by e.g. soil moisture and groundwater level changes Superconducting sphere Superconducting coils
13 Superconducting gravimeters Superconducting gravitmeters allow for extremly precise monitoring of local gravity changes Accuracy: ~ g (1 nanogal) Measurement of temporal gravity variations caused by e.g. soil moisture and groundwater level changes gravimeter
14 World wide Superconducting gravimeter network Within the Global Geodynamic Project (GGP) of the IAG
15 GFZ Superconducting gravimeter station in Sutherland (South Africa) Part of the South African Geodynamic Observatory (SAGOS) Since 2000 At the campus of the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) In cooperation with the National Research Foundation (NRF)
16 GFZ Superconducting gravimeter station in Sutherland (South Africa)
17 GFZ Superconducting gravimeter station in Sutherland (South Africa)
18 Hydrological monitoring in Sutherland / South Africa Gravimeter Climate Soil moisture Groundwater Runoff
19 Effects of local water storage variations on gravimeter Example station Wettzell, Germany Snow Soil 0-30cm Soil cm Saprolith m Groundwater > 11m Hydrological gravity effect Gravimeter residuals Creutzfeldt et al., 2010, WRR; Creutzfeldt et al., GJI, 2010
20 Water storage variations from gravimeters and GRACE Example gravimeter stations in Europe GRACE Hydrological model Gravimeter
21 Use of gravity data in hydrology - Summary
22 Gravimetry as a tool for hydrologic research at the Sutherland Observatory Andreas Güntner, Christoph Förste, Theresa Blume GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Gaathier Mahed, Maarten De Wit, Moctour Doucoure AEON / University of Cape Town
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