KEY TERMS. Crevasse Glaciers Gravity Ground Water Iceberg

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1 10.3 SOURCES OF FRESH WATER P G

2 OBJECTIVES Describe why run-off is important for rivers Describe how a small stream becomes a large river What is a drainage basin Describe the important and generation of an underground aquifer Describe the two different types of glaciers

3 KEY TERMS Crevasse Glaciers Gravity Ground Water Iceberg

4 INTRODUCTION Did you know about 1% of all of Earth s freshwater supply is easy accessible Most of the water is trapped in ice, in Greenland and Antarctica, and not readily available for human use. The freshwater that is found wherever water is falling as rain and snow runs off the land and is collected in lakes, streams, rivers, and underground

5 INTRODUCTION What is run-off After a heavy rain shower, mini-rivers wash over sidewalks, driveways and roads. Where does the vast majority of that water go? We call this flow run-off Some of that water is absorbed and some evaporates but gravity will pull the water in a certain direction creating run-off

6 THE MIGHTY FRASER Did you know that the Fraser River drainage basin covers an area equal to almost half the entire province of British Columbia Snap your finger once, and imagine the water in three Olympic pools moving. That is the amount that moves in one second.

7 FACTORS AFFECTING RUN-OFF The amount of run-off is affected by six factors 1. The nature of the ground material Soil or rock precipitation falls on rock, as soils allow water to soak in 2. The amount of rain heavy rainfall saturates the ground so water can t soak in 3. The length of time it rains long periods of rainfall saturate the ground so water can t soak in

8 RUN OFF WILL INCREASE IF.. 4. The slope of the land Downhill, flat: water can flow quickly down a steep slope, not having time to soak in 5. The amount of vegetation Logging, plants, shrubs: there is no vegetation, as plants help to absorb water and hold soil with their root systems 6. The amount of development in the area Sewer vs ground: there is human development and no soils

9 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT OFTEN ALTERS RUN-OFF How? Changing the direction of flow Farming Roads Forestry

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11 SOURCES OF FRESHWATER There are 3 major sources of freshwater that we will look at a little bit closer Drainage Basins Ground Water Glaciers

12 DRAINAGE BASINS Drainage basins are large areas where surface water all moves towards one main river Also known as watershed Run-off flows into streams and smaller rivers, which are tributaries of large rivers, forming a branching system Think of the branches of a tree The rocky mountains are part of a long chain of mountains that extend down the length of North America These mountains form the Continental Divide that separates the pacific watersheds from the watersheds to the east of the rocky mountains

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15 GROUNDWATER Ground water is water that soaks into the ground Rock/ground with good porosity allows more water to enter More pores (spaces in the rock/soil), the better the porosity An aquifer is a layer of porous rock that allows ground water to flow, almost like a river below the surface

16 GROUNDWATER Humans get fresh water from Reservoirs, natural or man-made Wells, drilled into aquifers down to the water table, which is the top level of the zone of saturation. The water table is very deep in deserts, but near the surface in swamps The water table rises during wet seasons

17 GLACIERS Almost 66% of all fresh water on Earth is in glaciers Glaciers form from layers of snow falling over many years Glaciers melt slowly under their own weight, and slowly flow downhill Glaciers cover about 10% of the Earth s surface Alpine glaciers (aka valley) found in mountains Continental glaciers (aka ice sheets) cover huge areas of land. Eg. Greenland and Antarctia

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19 GLACIERS Glaciers flow until one of two things happen: 1. reach an ocean, where the ice will spill over the edge creating crevasses, that open and icebergs fall off 2. reach an area where warm temps allow as much melting as re-freezing, or recede if they melt faster than they can freeze

20 VIDEOS TED-Ed NASA Vid Iceberg Alley JUMBO wild

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