Mediterranean Climates (Csa, Csb)

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1 Climatic Zones & Types Part II I've lived in good climate, and it bores the hell out of me. I like weather rather than climate. 1 John Steinbeck

2 Mediterranean Climates (Csa, Csb) Main locations Western side of continents 30 40º of latitude Mediterranean coast California Central Chile Southern tip of Africa (Cape Town) Australia (Perth & Adelaide) 2

3 Characteristics Mild, wet winters, dry summers Two sub-types based on summer temperatures a hot summer (interior location) b cool/mild summer (coastal location) 3

4 Precipitation Moderate annually Winter maximum (midlatitude cyclonic storms) Dominant Controls STH subsidence in summer (forces cyclonic storms pole-ward) Westerly winds and cyclonic storms shift equator-ward in winter 4

5 Climographs 5

6 Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) Main locations Eastern sides of continents 25 30º of latitude Southeastern United States Eastern China Southern Brazil and Uruguay Small areas in Africa and Australia 6

7 Characteristics Temperatures Summers, warm to hot Winters, mild to cold Precipitation Abundant, mostly as rain Summer maximum 7

8 Climographs 8

9 Marine West Coast Main locations Western sides of continents, mainly 40 65º Western and central Europe Largest area North America Oregon to Alaska New Zealand and eastern Australia 9

10 Characteristics Temperature Very mild winters for latitude Precipitation Moderate to abundant, mostly in winter Many rainy days Much cloudiness Dominant Controls Westerly flow and oceanic influence year-round 10

11 Climographs 11

12 Severe Midlatitude Climates (Group D) Distribution of D Climates Only in Northern Hemisphere Within 35 70º of latitude 12

13 Distinctive Features of D climates Temperatures Large annual temperature range Continentality Cold winter, relatively short summer Precipitation Summer maxima Abundant to meager amounts Diminishes toward inland and pole-ward Two Main Subtypes Humid Continental Subarctic 13

14 Humid Continental (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb) Location N. Hemisphere only 35 55º of latitude Eastern sides of continents 14

15 Characteristics Temperature Warm/hot summers Large annual temperature range Precipitation Moderate to abundant Summer maxima Dominant Controls Westerly winds and storms Midlatitude cyclones in winter in North America Monsoons in Asia 15

16 Climographs 16

17 Sub Arctic (Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd) Location Northern Hemisphere only Latitudes 50 70º Across North American and Eurasia Characteristics Temperature Long, dark, very cold winters Brief, mild summers Enormous annual temperature range 17

18 Precipitation Meager Summer maxima Light snow in winter, little melting Dominant Controls Pronounced continentality Alternating Westerlies and cyclonic storms Prominent anticylcones 18

19 Climographs 19

20 Polar Climates (Group E) Distribution of E Climates Pole-ward of 70º of latitude 20

21 Distinctive Characteristics Temperatures Coldest summers Lowest annual average Large annual temperature range Small daily temperature range Extraordinarily dry Low precipitating, mostly snow Evaporation is nil Two subtypes Tundra Ice Cap 21

22 Tundra (ET) Main Locations Fringes of Arctic Ocean Small coastal areas in Antarctica 22

23 Characteristics Temperature Long, cold dark winters Brief, cool summers Precipitation Very sparse Mostly snow Dominant Controls Latitude Distance from sources of heat and moisture Extreme seasonal contrasts in sunlight/darkness Polar anticyclones (A and cp air masses) 23

24 Climographs 24

25 Ice Cape (EF) Location Antarctica Greenland Characteristics Temperature Long, cold, dark winters Cold, windy summers Precipitation Very sparse, all snow 25

26 Dominant Controls Latitude Distances from sources of heat and moisture Extreme seasonal contrasts in sunlight/darkness Polar anticyclones (A and cp air masses) 26

27 Climographs 27

28 Highland Climate (Group H) Locations High uplands (mountains and plateaus) 28

29 Characteristics Complex local variation in small areas Vertical climate zonation 29

30 Changeability of weather Dominant Controls Altitude Slope aspect and slope angle 30

31 Climographs 31

32 Global Patterns Idealized General Models of Climate Distribution Idealized seasonal precipitation patterns and climates along the west coasts of continents. 32

33 Idealized Global Pattern 33

34 Climatic Distribution in Africa: A Practically Perfect Example 34

35 Global Climate Change Time scale of observations determine what patterns of change stand out in the record 35

36 Determining Climates of the Past Animation (End of the Last Ice Age) Dendrochronology Oxygen isotope analysis of oceanic sediments Ice cores Pollen analysis 36

37 Causes of Long-Term Climate Change Animation (Orbital Variations and Climate Change) Volcanic activity and meteor impacts Fluctuations in orbital output Variations in Earth-Sun relations Greenhouse gas concentrations Feedback mechanisms The roles of the ocean 37

38 Climate Models Climate prediction Global Circulation Models (GCMs) Mathematical models of Earth s climate system Computer simulation models of future climates (3) 38

39 Summary The fundamental geographic aspect of climate is its global distribution. The modified Köppen classification system is widely used for its pedagogic value. The basis of the Köppen system is temperatures and precipitation amounts and patterns. 39

40 The modified Köppen system recognizes six major climatic zones: 1. Tropical humid (A) 2. Dry (B) 3. Mild midlatitude (C) 4. Severe midlatitude (D) 5. Polar (E) 6. Highland (H) A model of climate distribution on a hypothetical continent helps us predict what the climate should be like at a particular location. 40

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