A NASA airborne field campaign focusing on atmospheric composition, chemistry, and climate over Southeast Asia related to:

Transcription

1 A NASA airborne field campaign focusing on atmospheric composition, chemistry, and climate over Southeast Asia related to: Asian monsoon circulation impacts on upper troposphere/lower stratosphere composition Biomass burning impacts on atmospheric composition, radiation, and clouds Anticipated deployment period: August - September 2012

2 Satellite observations from MLS and ACE show enhanced concentrations of tropospheric tracers within the Asian monsoon anticyclone. The role of overshooting convection versus slow ascent of convective outflow from lower altitudes is a point of current debate. Park et al., JGR, 2007 Jiang et al., GRL, 2007

3 Population and economic development are primary drivers for anthropogenic emissions which are increasing rapidly in Southeast Asia Strong anthropogenic sources are intermingled with strong biogenic and natural emissions across both terrestrial and marine environments Anthropogenic VOCs Zhang et al., ACP, 2009 Marine biogenic emissions Warwick et al., JGR, 2006 Shipping emissions Wang et al., ES&T, 2008

4 Convective pumping of pollutants into the UT/LS influences the photochemistry of ozone at altitudes where its greenhouse forcing potential is greatest. Properties of cirrus anvils (e.g., cloud-top height, persistence and ice particle radius) may also be influenced by pollution. Smoke aerosols from fires can have a large influence on the tropical radiation budget, cloud properties, and tropospheric oxidation chemistry At tropical latitudes, local pollution effects are more pronounced as more intense sunlight and higher humidity allow pollution chemistry to proceed at a faster pace. In contrast to mid-latitudes, where frontal passages play a dominant role in the clearing of pollution, deep convection takes on a prominent role in ventilating the tropical polluted boundary layer, leading to long-range transport of pollution at higher altitudes.

5 MLS, TES, IASI, AIRS, MOPITT, ACE : Detailed observations of convective impacts on UT/LS composition are needed to assess the utility of CO observed from space as a proxy for expected enhancements in other related pollutants. For instance, the morphology of MLS CO (version 2) is believed to be robust, but observations at 215 hpa exhibit a positive bias. OCO, GOSAT: Observations of the vertical distribution of CO 2 along with detailed composition aid the interpretation of current and future observations in this region of diverse anthropogenic and biogenic influences. Jiang et al., GRL, 2008 Glory, CALIPSO, MODIS, and MISR: Detailed aerosol and radiation measurements are needed to better understand the direct radiative impact of aerosols along with detailed composition to enable better application of techniques to differentiate polluted and clean clouds in satellite analyses.

6 1. How are pollutant emissions in the tropics redistributed via deep convection throughout the troposphere? 2. What is the evolution of gases and aerosols in deep convective outflow and what are the implications for the UT/LS chemistry? 3. What influence do aerosols from anthropogenic pollution and biomass burning exert on local meteorology through changes in the local temperature structure of the atmosphere and cloud formation? 4. What are the vertical composition gradients within the Asian monsoon anticyclone and what do they indicate for pollution transport through the TTL into the lower stratosphere?

7 Satellites: MLS, OCO, Glory, CALIPSO, MODIS, MISR, OMI, MOPITT, AIRS Aerosol optical depth, properties H 2 O, CO, O 3, CO 2, NO 2, HCHO, SO 2, BrO Aircraft: DC-8, GV, ER-2 Comprehensive in situ chemical and aerosol measurements Passive remote sensing of atmospheric state and composition Active remote sensing of ozone, water vapor and aerosol optical properties Models: CTMs, GCMs, ESMs Source-receptor relationships for pollution Inverse modeling for estimating emissions Aerosol radiative forcing Detailed chemical processing Calibration and Validation Retrieval development Correlative information Small scale structure and processes Model error evaluation Data assimilation Diagnostic studies

8 ER-2: Upper Troposphere to Lower Stratosphere Cruise altitude km, range 3000 nmi, endurance 8-10 h Payload: Emphasis on remote sensing of aerosols and radiation with capability to observe basic chemical tracers NSF/NCAR GV: Mid-to-Upper Troposphere Ceiling 14 km, range 4000 nmi, endurance 8-10 h Payload: Emphasis on detailed atmospheric composition and photochemistry for gases and aerosols as well as cloud microphysics DC-8: Surface to Upper Troposphere Ceiling 12 km, range 4000 nmi, endurance 8-10 h Payload: Emphasis on detailed atmospheric composition and photochemistry for gases and aerosols, detailed radiation measurements, and remote sensing of ozone and aerosols

9 Gas Phase In Situ DC-8 ER-2 NSF/NCAR GV O 3, H 2 O, CO, CO X NO, NMHCs 1 1 X CH 4, OVOCs 1 2 X OH/HO2/RO2 1 2 X HCHO, H 2 O 2, CH 3 OOH 1 2 X BrO 2 2 X Halocarbons 2 2 NO y 2 2 X NO HNO 3, PANs, HO 2 NO X HCN, CH 3 CN 2 3 SO 2, H 2 SO X Organic Acids 3 3 X N 2 O 3 3 X HOBr, ClO, HOCl 3 3 RONO NH Speciated Hg 3 3 Aircraft Payloads: 1 = required; 2 = desired; 3 = useful HIAPER not prioritized X denotes proposed payload for DC-3 campaign

10 Aerosol and Cloud In Situ DC-8 ER-2 NSF/NCAR GV Aerosol number 1 Aerosol size distribution 1 X Optical properties (scattering/absorption) Aerosol hygroscopicity, f(rh) 1 Aerosol composition, inorganic 1 Aerosol composition, organic 1 Aerosol composition, BC 1 Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) 1 Condensed Water Content 1 X Size-resolved aerosol composition 2 Hydrometeor size distribution 2 X Aerosol gravimetric mass 2 Aerosol volatility 3 Cloud water chemistry 3 Radionuclides (Rn222, Be7, Pb210) 3 1 Aircraft Payloads: 1 = required 2 = desired 3 = useful HIAPER not prioritized X denotes proposed payload for DC- 3 campaign CVI, 2D-S/CPI, 2D-C, SID2H X

11 Aircraft Payloads: 1= required; 2 = desired; 3 = useful HIAPER not prioritized, but X denotes proposed payload for DC-3 campaign Remote Sensing and Radiation DC-8 ER-2 (nadir) NSF/NCAR GV UV spectral actinic flux 1 X Ozone lidar (nadir/zenith) 1 Hyperspectral solar flux 1 1 Broadband flux (nadir/zenith; solar/ir) 1 1 Multispectral optical depth profiles 1 1 Aerosol extinction profile (nadir/zenith) 1 1 Aerosol backscatter (nadir/zenith) 1 1 Aerosol depolarization (nadir/zenith) 1 1 Multi-angle, multi-wavelength, polarized radiances Multi-wavelength imager for combined land, ocean, and cloud use Microwave temperature profiler 3 3 X Meteorology DC-8 ER-2 NSF/NCAR GV Vertical State 1 X Vertical Wind 1 SST 1

12 Proposed Flight Base and Area of Operations Purple ring: range including ~8 hours flying with no loitering Turquoise ring: range including ~6 hrs flying with ~2 hrs loitering

13 Flight Information Region priorities for SEAC 4 RS Access to critical flight regions defines the minimum requirement for a successful campaign Suitcase flights into Nepal require clearance to fly over Bangladesh and ~30 km of India Country FIR Over Water Over Land Bangladesh Dhaka Important Important Cambodia Phnom Penh NA Desired Chennai Critical NA India Kolkata Critical Important Colombo Critical NA Flight Information Regions of Interest to SEAC 4 RS Indonesia Jakarta Important Desired Ujung Pandang Desired Desired Laos Vientiane NA Desired Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Critical Desired Kota Kinabalu Desired Desired Myanmar Yangon Desired Desired Nepal Kathmandu NA Important Philippines Manila Critical Desired Singapore Singapore Critical Desired Thailand Bangkok Critical Critical Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Critical Desired Hanoi Desired Desired

14 Research Partners 7SEAS (Seven Southeast Asian Studies): a regional partnership led by NRL with a focus on interactions between pollution and local meteorology, with particular emphasis on aerosol-cloud interactions. NASA involvement already includes AERONET and SMART- COMMIT DC3 (Deep Convection, Clouds, and Chemistry): NSF-proposed experiment with a focus on impacts of deep convection on UT composition and chemistry. Goals align well with PAC 3 E and similarly requires multiple platforms to adequately sample influence throughout the full tropospheric column. Strong interest has been expressed in cooperation and sharing of platforms. DC3 Flight Strategy

15 Flight Operations: Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study The following document provides a general overview of flight considerations. If only scientific matters are considered, flight could potentially enter airspace controlled by a dozen countries; thus, negotiating permission for flight clearance with as many of them as possible is a high priority. The relative importance of access to airspace for each country is provided in later slides. It is anticipated that flight over international waters cannot be denied; however, the atypical nature of these flights dictates that controlling authorities be aware of our intent and be willing to work with us if we hope to plan and execute successful science flights. This document provides notional examples of science flights, but actual flights will be dictated by day-to-day atmospheric conditions during the experiment. Since atmospheric convection is a target of the experiment, general flight plans can be submitted 24 hrs in advance, but an updated flight plan will often be necessary just prior to takeoff as well as significant requests for modification during flight. Some aircraft will also execute extensive atmospheric profiling from the surface to high altitude. These altitude changes will often be dictated by in-flight observations and will be requested during flight. Real-time meterological data (especially from radar) will be critical to operations around active convection. Information is needed regarding the availability and adequacy of such information.

16 Flight Information Region priorities for SEAC 4 RS Access to critical flight regions defines the minimum requirement for a successful campaign Suitcase flights into Nepal require clearance to fly over Bangladesh and ~30 km of India Country FIR Over Water Over Land Bangladesh Dhaka Important Important Cambodia Phnom Penh NA Desired Chennai Critical NA India Kolkata Critical Important Colombo Critical NA Flight Information Regions of interest to SEAC 4 RS Indonesia Jakarta Important Desired Ujung Pandang Desired Desired Laos Vientiane NA Desired Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Critical Desired Kota Kinabalu Desired Desired Myanmar Yangon Desired Desired Nepal Kathmandu NA Important Philippines Manila Critical Desired Singapore Singapore Critical Desired Thailand Bangkok Critical Critical Vietnam Ho Chi Minh Critical Desired Hanoi Desired Desired

17 The following slides provide notional examples of the types of flights that the NASA and NSF aircraft would hope to accomplish. They are not comprehensive. Flightlines are not intended to be precise. They only convey an impression of the general regions over which data needs to be collected and their relevance to science goals. Although a single flight track is shown, three aircraft will be in operation and may not always fly in concert The NASA ER-2 will typically ascend to an altitude of km (~65000 ft) and remain at those altitudes throughout the flight. The NSF GV will perform extensive profiling, but will also execute high altitude transects in the km range and will often seek to sample high altitude cirrus from in the vicinity of active convection as well as downwind The NASA DC-8 will routinely perform extensive profiling from the surface up to 12 km. Sample altitude profile from a DC-8 science flight

18 Anticyclone Survey: Sample high altitude gradient across southern edge of the monsoon anticyclone with all three aircraft Contrasting atmospheric composition in the upper atmosphere inside and outside the anticyclone needs to be accomplished several times throughout the experiment. This can be accomplished with either local flights or suitcase transits to Nepal. CO ppb CO ppb CO ppb MLS 100 hpa MLS 147 hpa MLS 215 hpa Aura nadir track MLS limb track

19 Anticyclone Suitcase: Sample high altitude gradient across the monsoon anticyclone (ER-2 would return to Thailand after reaching Bangladesh, dashed line). Flights into Nepal would allow for more comprehensive characterization of air trapped within the anticyclone. These flights could also incorporate other goals such as sampling convective outflow and characterizing marine boundary layer composition in and out of shipping lanes. CO ppb CO ppb MLS 147 hpa MLS 215 hpa EDGAR NOx flux molec/m 2 /s Aura nadir track MLS limb track

20 Altitude (km) Convection over Bay of Bengal: Trying to sample active areas of inflow and outflow for a convective storm is the most dynamic and challenging flight goal. How amenable will controlling authorities be to flight plans that rapidly evolve and adjust? Does sufficient radar support for guiding such flights exist in the region? An alternative strategy will be to monitor convective regions through met obs, satellites, and models and plan flights to intercept the associated cirrus away from active convection Cloud statistics over Bay of Bengal from CALIPSO and CloudSat (Sassen et al., 2009) Day Frequency GV Cruise DC-8 Cruise Night Cirrus Deep Convective Cloud

21 Trans South China Sea: Survey flights will be useful to explore and observe the evolution of smoke/pollution from Sumatra and Borneo. These emissions may also be mixed with shipping emissions and/or biogenic emissions from both the oceanic and terrestrial biosphere. NAAPS AOD These surveys have relevance to smoke evolution, radiation, boundary layer meteorology, oceanography, and satellite product validation. EDGAR NOx flux (molec/m 2 /s)

22 Near-Field Convection: When the ITCZ is south, convection is very scattered. Also, persistent precipitation features form west of Sumatra, enhanced by MJO and associated Kelvin waves. Here we should find the largest influx of smoke and pollution into cloud base. Two possible flight tracks are shown, to either Sumatra or Borneo. If Borneo, also do some radiation and cleaner marine work in South China Sea. Good for individual storm impacts, convective pumping and heterogeneous chemistry. The coincidence of enhanced marine emissions (e.g., halocarbons) over this region coupled with ITCZ convection could have a dominant influence on upper atmospheric concentrations of these constituents.