11/2/18. SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate. SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate. source: wikipedia
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3 climate: average long-term condition; controlled by location regional to global weather: short-term condition; controlled by atmospheric anomalies local to regional climate: I live in San Diego because it rains in Seattle weather: San Diego got soaked last week how much solar radiation is received in any area? seasons watch short Video 15a zenith 1) insolation per area: 2.4 times lower at poles than at equator Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet 3
4 how much solar radiation is retained in any area? Albedo: fraction of insolation reflected back to space seasons watch short Video 15a - 80% fresh snow - 25% grass - 10% oceans THE DUAL FUNCTION OF H2O WATER VAPOR: most abundant greenhouse gas (warms) CLOUDS: reflect sunlight back into space (cools) SIO15-18: Lecture15: Atmosphere Marshak: Earth, Portrait of The a Planet and Climate Name two ways how levees can fail? (0.33 pt) Write your own pop quiz only. Have your student ID ready. Submitting a pop quiz for your friend is cheating! We check handwriting. Suspected cheaters will lose ALL previous PQ credits! Students in class less than 20 min are NOT eligible to get PQ credit. 4
5 What does a hydrograph show? (0.34 pt) Write your own pop quiz only. Have your student ID ready. Submitting a pop quiz for your friend is cheating! We check handwriting. Suspected cheaters will lose ALL previous PQ credits! Students in class less than 20 min are NOT eligible to get PQ credit. see Fig 11.4 Ahrens: Meteorology Today - 30% reflected back to space - 51% absorbed at surface - 19% absorbed by atmosphere Earth s surface emits more heat (IR) than it receives 5
6 + 1% other stuff % Ar - CO 2 400ppm (0.04%) - Ne 18ppm - He 5ppm - CH 4 2ppm - Kr 1ppm mainly N 2 and O % water vapor (H 2 O) (variable) watch short Video 15b Greenhouse Gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 Earth s atmosphere acts like a greenhouse Fig 11.8 greenhouse gases: H 2 O, CO 2, CH 4 - transparent to visible, UV light - absorb infrared - reflect IR back to Earth - > trap heat Earth with greenhouse: 16ºC/61ºF Earth without greenhouse: 34ºC/61ºF colder -> -18ºC/0ºF 6
7 Fig ) Earth s tilted axis orbits Sun! sun in zenith at different times (+/- 23.5º N/S)! local insolation changes throughout the year watch short Video 15a summer in San Diego but winter in Santiago, Chile SIO15-18: Lecture15: The Atmosphere and Climate Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet IDEALIZED: Earth were covered 100% by oceans - frigid - temperate - torrid Abbott: Natural Disasters 7
8 polar ice, subpolar Tundra, subtropical (temperate), dry land (desert), tropical plus: highland, continental see Fig 11.7 Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet Which season is it in Santiago, Chile when it is winter in San Diego? (0.33 pt) Write your own pop quiz only. Have your student ID ready. Submitting a pop quiz for your friend is cheating! We check handwriting. Suspected cheaters will lose ALL previous PQ credits! Students in class less than 20 min are NOT eligible to get PQ credit. 8
9 Heat Capacity: ability to absorb heat without getting hot oceans store more heat than atmosphere oceans are climate moderators (negative feedback)! coastal areas have less extreme climate -ocean processes longer-term than atmospheric processes -> ocean currents slower than atmospheric winds - currents blocked by continents - Driving Mechanism: cold and salty water sinks (thermohaline circulation) exact shape of heat conveyor not well known source: Wikipedia 9
10 - warm western boundary currents (e.g. Gulf Stream) - cold eastern boundary currents (e.g. California Current) (think May Grey/June Gloom!) Ocean Surface Currents Marshak: Earth, Portrait of a Planet but what we do know!! atmosphere has less CO2 than humans produced in last 150 yrs! oceans take up CO2! it s not (only) the rain forest!! leads to ocean acidification 10
11 simple air pressure: push due to weight of atmosphere above greatest at sea level: 1 atmosphere, 14.7 PSI, 1035 mbar (g/cm 2 ) pressure and density decrease exponentially with altitude 50% air below 5.6 km 90% air below 16 km % below 100km watch short Video 15b Layers follow T-function troposphere: lower 10km; weather layer, mixing stratosphere: next 35km; very dry, no vertical mixing, O 3 layer mesosphere: less O 3 ; meteorites burn up thermosphere: < 1% air; (ISS at ~350 km) 11
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