DRAFT MARINE ARTILLERY SURVEY

Transcription

1 MARINE ARTILLERY SURVEY Table of Contents Chapter 1: Mission, Organization, and Duties Section I: Mission PARA TITLE PAGE 1-1 Common Grid Components of a Common Grid Fundamentals of Survey Operations Echelons of Survey Survey Accuracy Levels Survey Requirements 1-6 Section II: Organization and Duties 1-7 Survey Personnel Duties of Survey Personnel Survey Equipment 1-10 Chapter 2: Basic Geodesy Section I: The Geoid 2-1 General Shape of the Geoid Use of the Geoid 2-1 Section II: Ellipsoids 2-4 General Defining Parameters of an Ellipsoid Reference Ellipsoid Geoid Separation Ellipsoid Height h, H, and N Relationship 2-4 Section III: Datums 2-10 General Geodetic Systems 2-4 i

2 2-12 Vertical Datums Horizontal Datums Multiple Datum Problems Datum to Datum Shifts 2-5 Section IV: Coordinate Systems 2-16 General Cartesian Coordinates Geographic Coordinates Geodetic Coordinates Astronomic Coordinates Prime Meridian Angular Measurements Deflection of the Vertical 2-11 Chapter 3: Projections and Grids Section I: Map Projections 3-1 General Prescribed Projections Scale Factor Map Scale Mercator Projection Transverse Mercator Projection Gauss-Kruger Projection Polar Stereographic Projection Overlapping Projections Lambert Conformal Conic Projection ` Oblique Mercator Projection New Zealand Map Grid Projection Cassini Projection 3-10 Section II: Grid Systems 3-14 Grid Systems Grid Convergence Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) Grid UTM/UPS Overlap Gauss-Kruger (GK) Grid Converting GK to UTM Unique Coordinates Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) Non-Standard Grids 3-23 ii

3 3-24 World Geodetic Reference System (GEOREF) User-Defined Grid Systems 3-25 Chapter 4: Global Positioning System Section I: Configuration, Signals, and Code 4-1 System Configuration Satellite Signals Ephemeris and Almanac Data 4-3 Section II: System Safeguards and Error Sources 4-4 Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Cryptovariables GPS Error Sources User Equivalent Range Error Absolute GPS Accuracies 4-7 Section III: GPS Measurements 4-10 GPS Reference System Code Phase Measurements Carrier Phase Measurements Differencing Baseline Solutions 4-12 Section IV: GPS Methods, and Survivability 4-15 GPS Survey Methods GPS Survey Techniques Vulnerabilities/Survivability Jamming in GPS Additional Considerations Chapter 5: Survey Planning Section I: The Planning Chain 5-1 The Operation Order/Plan The Artillery Fire Support Plan The Survey Plan/Frag Order 5-2 iii

4 Section II: Survey Planning DRAFT 5-4 Survey Planning and the Common Grid Conduct of Planning Factors Affecting the Survey Plan Environment Mapping, Charting, Geodesy Steps In Survey Planning Survey Sketch 5-9 Chapter 6: Position and Azimuth Determining System Section I: System Configuration 6-1 System Description PADS Vehicles Capabilities and Limitations Accuracy Major Components Operator Controls 6-4 Section II: PADS Operations 6-7 Recording PADS Field Notes PADS Mission Procedures PAE Codes 6-10 Chapter 7: Conventional Equipment Section I: T-2E Theodolite 7-1 Description Components Telescope T-2E Accessories Setting Up the Tripod GST Mount the T-2E On the Tripod Plumb and Level the T-2E Eliminating Parallax and Adjusting Focus Pointings With the T-2E Reading the Scales Setting the Horizontal Circle Horizontal Angles Vertical Angles Reciprocal Vertical Angles Observation and Tracking Procedures (Arty Astro, Sun, and Stars) iv

5 7-16 March Order the T-2E Tests and Adjustments Plate Level and Adjustment Circular Bubble Test and Adjustment Optical Plumb Test and Adjustment Horizontal Collimation Test and Adjustment Vertical Collimation (Index Error) Test and Adjustment Artificial Illumination Care of the T-2E 7-16 Section II: DI-3000 Distomat 7-25 Description Range and Accuracy Power Sources Mounting the DI 3000 to a T-2E DI 3000 Control Panel Operating the DI DI 3000 System Settings Scale Correction (ppm) Distance Measurement Parallelism: DI 3000 to Telescope Care of the DI Section III: Precise Target Set 7-36 Description Components Setting Up the Tripod GST Mount the Target Set Plumb and Level the Target Set Mount the Target Plate Tests and Adjustments Plate Level Test and Adjustment Circular Bubble Test and Adjustment Optical Plumb Test and Adjustment Care of the Target Set 7-28 Chapter 8: Astronomy For Marine Artillery Section I: Basic Astronomy 8-1 The Tilted Polar Axis and Movement of the Earth Celestial Sphere Celestial Coordinates Astronomic Triangle (PZS Triangle) 8-3 v

6 8-5 Time Solar Time Sidereal Time Time Zones Daylight Savings Time Greenwich Mean Time Determining The Local Hour Angle and Angle t 8-11 Section II: Astronomic Methods 8-12 Methods of Determining Azimuth Arty Astro Method (Sun) Arty Astro Method (Star) Azimuth Specifications Selection of Methods of Observation 8-16 Section III: Star Selection and Identification 8-17 General Polaris Star Rate Star Finder and Identifier Orienting The Star Finder and Identifier Selecting a Star For Observation 8-19 Section IV: Recording Astronomic Observations 8-23 Recording Arty Astro Method Field Notes (5th Order) Recording Arty Astro Method Field Notes (4th Order) 8-21 Chapter 9: Traverse Section I: Traverse Methods 9-1 Traverse Methods Types of Traverse Survey Control Requirements Fieldwork Distances In Traverse Traverse Legs 9-5 vi

7 Section II: Trigonometry of Traverse 9-7 Extending Azimuth Solutions of Right Triangles Determining the Coordinates and Elevation of the Forward Station Computing the Traverse 9-9 Section III: Traverse Closure 9-11 Traverse Closure Radial Error Elevation Error Azimuth Error Accuracy Ratio 9-13 Section IV: Traverse Adjustment 9-16 Purpose of Adjustment Azimuth Adjustment Coordinate Adjustment Elevation Adjustment Discretion Adjustment 9-16 Section V: Location Of Traverse Errors 9-21 General Sources of Error Locating a Traverse Error Traverse Error Indicators Isolation of Distance Errors Isolation of Angle Errors Isolation of Multiple Errors Isolation of Elevation Errors 9-22 Chapter 10: Field Recorder's Notebook 10-1 Recorder's Notes Rules For Recording Notes Recording For Methods Not Included In This Chapter Recording A One Position Angle Recording A Two Position Angle Closing An Angle On The Horizon Recording Reciprocal Vertical Angles Recording Angles From An M2A2 Aiming Circle Recording Intersection Method vii

8 10-10 Correcting Errors And Voiding Security Of Field Notes Storing The Recorder's Notebook Chapter 11: Hasty Survey Section I: Survey Control 11-1 General Assumed Control 11-1 Section II: M2A2 Aiming Circle 11-3 Description M2A2 Body Associated Equipment Setting Up the M2A2 Aiming Circle Taking Down the Aiming Circle Measuring A Horizontal And Vertical Angle With An M2A2 Aiming Circle Determining Vertical Angle Correction UTM Grid Declination Constant When To Declinate An Aiming Circle Declination Stations Declinating The M2A2 Aiming Circle At A Declination Station Converting a Grid-Magnetic Angle To A Declination Constant Hasty Declination Of The M2A2 Aiming Circle Determining A Grid Azimuth With The M2A2 Aiming Circle Orienting The M2A2 Aiming Circle On A Known Azimuth Care Of The Aiming Circle And its Associated Equipment Maintenance Checks And Adjustments Section III: Hasty Survey Methods General Azimuth Determination Position Determination Elevation Determination viii

9 Chapter 12: Survey Operations DRAFT Section I: Battalion Survey Operations 12-1 General Areas Of Battalion Survey Concern ` Categories Of Starting Control Choosing A Survey Method Marking And Witnessing Stations Dissemination of Survey Data 12-3 Section II: Regimental Survey Operations 12-7 General Establishing Initial Control Recovery Of Existing Control Priorities Of Control 12-5 Section III: Conversion To Common Control Common Grid Criteria For Conversion To Common Methods of Converting to Common Swinging The Grid Sliding The Grid Swinging And Sliding The Grid Leveling The Grid Section IV: Survey Information Center General Collection of Survey Information Evaluation of Survey Information Maintenance of Survey Information Dissemination of Survey Information Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: Appendix D: Ellipsoids And Datums Conversion Factors, Tables, Time Zone Offsets, And Radio Transmitting Stations For Time Signals Acronyms And Glossary References ix

10 Appendix E: Appendix F: Appendix G: Appendix H: Star Cards And Star Rate Charts PADS Mission Procedures After Action Reviews Survey Specifications x