Plane coordinates ~~~~~~~~~~

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1 Coordinate Systems & Map Projections Geographic coordinates A Basic Introduction to Coordinate Systems & Map Projections Latitude & longitude Angles Parallels & meridians Lines Plane coordinates ~~~~~~~~~~ The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid Rev. Ronald J. Wasowski, C.S.C. Associate Professor of Environmental Science University of Portland Portland, Oregon 10 September 2015 The Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grid The State Plane Coordinate system Map projections Conformal, equivalent, equidistant & azimuthal Planar, conic & cylindrical Earth s Reference Grid The Prime Meridian Right-angle grid intersections on a sphere Bases Rotational axis North & South Poles Natural & most fundamental reference points Equator Midway between the rotational poles Natural but derived reference line Prime Meridian Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England Totally political reference line Implementation Latitude Angular distance N or S of the equator Maximum of 90 N or S latitude Longitude Angular distance E or W of the Prime Meridian Maximum of 180 E or W longitude Oddity International Dateline Zigzags around peninsulas & islands The Prime Meridian at Greenwich The 1921 International Date Line

2 The 1995 International Date Line International Date Line Complexities Latitude & Longitude Lines of Equal Latitude & Longitude Latitude is measured North & South, but Longitude is measured East & West, but Latitude Longitude lines of equal latitude run East to West!!! lines of equal longitude run North to South!!! Latitude & Longitude: Another Look Latitude & Longitude: Sliced Open!

3 Latitude & Longitude Can Be + or Think of a Cartesian graph with the Equator as the X-axis and the Prime Meridian as the Y-axis Orientation of Map Projections Polar Receiving surface at either pole Polar Stereographic projection Oblique Receiving surface between poles & equator Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection Equatorial Receiving surface at the equator Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection Map Projection Receiving Services Developable surfaces Planes No need to cut the surface to make it flat Developable Surfaces Cones Cut the cone beginning at the apex Cylinders Cut the cylinder at any convenient location Three Cylindrical Map Projections Contact Types of Map Projections Tangent map projections Receiving surface touches only 1 point Possible with plane receiving surfaces Area or shape preserved at one point or circle Receiving surface touches only 1 circle Possible with all types of receiving surfaces Area or shape preserved at one circle Secant map projections Receiving surface intersects at least 1 circle Possible with all types of receiving surfaces Area or shape preserved at one or more circles

4 Tangent & Secant Conic Projections Tangent (Touch) Secant (Penetrate) Basic Properties of Map Projections Area Equal-area projections Areas accurately shown everywhere Shape Conformal projections Shapes accurately shown everywhere Scale Equidistant projections Distances accurately shown somewhere Direction Azimuthal projections Directions accurately shown somewhere Basic Properties of Map Projections USA Map Projections The Mercator Projection Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

5 Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinates Define two-dimensional horizontal positions UTM zones 6 longitudinal strips from 80 S to 84 N UTM zone numbers UTM Eastings & Northings Eastings Measured from the zone central meridian 500 km false easting coordinates > 0 Eastings from 167,000 to 833,000 meters at the equator Northings 8 zones extending N & S from the equator Measured from the Special zones from 0 to 36 long. N of 72 10,000 km false northing coordinates > 0 UTM zone characteristics equator Maximum northing is 9,328,000 meters at the 84th parallel Each zone has a central meridian UTM Zone Numbers UTM Detail: North America Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) Interrupted Projection

6 Conic: Albers Equal Area Conic: Bonne Conic: Lambert Conformal Lambert Equal Area Conic: Lambert Equal Area Conic: Perspective

7 Conic: Polyconic Conic: Polyconic USA Conic: Polyconic World Conic: Rectangular Polyconic Conic: Simple Conic: Werner Cordiform

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