The History and Philosophy of Astronomy
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1 Astronomy 350L (Fall 2006) The History and Philosophy of Astronomy (Lecture 6: Middle Ages/Islam I) Instructor: Volker Bromm TA: Jarrett Johnson The University of Texas at Austin
2 Medieval Astronomy and Cosmology Middle Ages/Islam I (Sep. 19) - Decline of Western (Mediterranean) Civilization - Early Middle Ages ( Dark Ages ): AD - Ascendancy of Islamic Astronomy ( AD) - Preservation and transformation of ancient knowledge Middle Ages/Islam II (Sep. 21) - Recovery of European Civilization - High and Late Middle Ages (c AD) - Setting the Stage for the Copernican Revolution - Recasting of the Ancient Tradition
3 The Fall of Rome Barbarians (Germanic tribes/huns) at the gate
4 The Fall of Rome Barbarians (Germanic tribes/huns) at the gate
5 The Fall of Rome Q: Why did it happen? Gibbon s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: - decadent society - economical pressure - constant threat of invasion - corrupt government (Edward Gibbon, )
6 The European Dark Ages Early Christianity initially hostile toward pagan learning, especially astronomy/astrology Loss of libraries and ancient texts Greek language was largely forgotten only simplified Latin Life was brutish and short, primitive economic level a tremendous decline in cultural sophistication
7 A Rescue Attempt: Boethius ( AD) The Last Roman Court official under Theoderic, King of the Ostrogoths (ruler of post-roman Italy) executed for treason The Consolation of Philosophy
8 A Rescue Attempt: Boethius ( AD) His (hyper-ambitious) program: Greek Aristotle Plato translate Latin Logical works ran out of time: most texts lost for Latin West! only rescued Plato text: Timaeus (trans. Calcidius) (Greek) works of astronomy forgotten for centuries!
9 Kosmas Indikopleustes (6 th cent. AD) Repudiating the idea that Earth is a Sphere!
10 Kosmas Indikopleustes (6 th cent. AD) Universe is tabernacle! Very low standard of secular learning! Re-accept spherical Earth only 500 years later!
11 The Ascendancy of Medieval Islam Emergence of vibrant and tolerant civilization!
12 Islam: The Need for Astronomy religious requirements: - predict beginning of month - altitude of Sun (hours of prayer) establish office of muwaqqit (mosque timekeeper) Astronomers respected position in society!
13 The House of Wisdom in Baghdad (9 th cent. AD) Vigorous effort to translate Greek texts into Arabic - Caliph al-mamun (Abbasid dynasty, ) Translating Ptolemy: Greek: Syntaxis Arabic: Almagest
14 Ptolemaic System within Islamic Astronomy Almagest No fundamental modification to Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology! Improvements in precision - building of major observatories! - improved mathematical methods! Discussion of doubts about Ptolemy!
15 Precision Astronomy: Great Observatories Ulugh Beg (d. 1449) Samarkand - Grandson of Tamerlane - Great mural sextant
16 Ulugh Beg s Star Catalogue first major new catalogue of stars since time of Hipparchus (2 nd cent. BC) high-precision (> 1000 stars) unknown in Europe
17 The Astrolabe: Universal Astro-calculator invented by Greeks, but perfected by Arabs measure altitude (height) of stars (or Sun) predict position of stars/sun at given time
18 Critiquing Ptolemy Averroes ( AD) lived in Moorish Andalusia The Commentator of Aristotle philosophical purist: found contrived model of Ptolemy (deviation from uniform spherical motion) inelegant
19 Critiquing Ptolemy Nasir al-din al-tusi ( AD) lived in Persia adviser to Mongol conqueror Hulagu Khan one of greatest astronomers during Islamic Period
20 Al-Tusi s Observatory at Maragha 12 years of intense effort: Planetary Tables ( zij )
21 Al-Tusi s Attack on Ptolemy eliminate un-platonic equant with double epicycle! equant double-epicycle Copernicus did the same: Did he know of al-tusi?
22 Legacy of Islamic Astronomy Preserved ancient Greek astronomy / philosophy Improved mathematical methods Diligent observers (astronomical tables) Attitude towards Ptolemaic Framework: - no fundamental change! - improved precision (Great Observatories) - raising of doubts - elimination of Ptolemaic equant
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