The History and Philosophy of Astronomy
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1 Astronomy 350L (Fall 2006) The History and Philosophy of Astronomy (Lecture 9: Tycho/Kepler I) Instructor: Volker Bromm TA: Jarrett Johnson The University of Texas at Austin
2 Between Epochs: Renaissance Baroque ( ) El Greco ( ) Lucas Cranach ( ) Crisis in Europe: Religious conflict (Catholic vs Protestant)
3 Europe: Deeply divided into multiple confessions
4 Reformation vs Counter Reformation Reformation: - Bible in vernacular Sola Scriptura Counter Reformation: - Council of Trent ( )
5 Counter Reformation: The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola ( ) Intellectual avantgarde against Reformation - eventually: arch-enemies of Galileo (~1633)
6 War: England defeats Spanish Armada (1588)
7 The Thirty Years War ( ) Utterly devastated Germany (1/2 of population dies)
8 Thomas Hobbes ( ): Apologist of Absolutism homo lupus homini (Man is a wolf to man) Need strong, absolute state to keep society in check and to preserve peace!
9 Innovation: The Dutch Invent the Telescope around 1600 soon to be used by Galileo
10 Innovation: The Dutch Invent the Microscope inception of microbiology
11 Hugo Grotius ( ): The Law of Nations De iure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) concept of Natural Law: man has certain unalienable rights man is fundamentally sociable
12 The Making of the New Astronomy: Tycho and Kepler Tycho Brahe: Greatest Observer of the Age Johannes Kepler: Greatest Theorist
13 Tycho Brahe: The Great Danish Observer 1546 (Skaane) 1601 (Prague) born into nobility: - lived privileged life State-sponsorship of Danish king
14 Extensive University Education: Wittenberg Martin Luther: 1517 Birthplace of Protestant Reformation!
15 A Royal Patron: King Frederik II of Denmark provides Tycho with generous, sustained funding for astronomical research Construction of greatest observatory in Europe
16 Tycho s Island: Hven
17 Best pre-tycho tables: Erasmus Reinhold ( ) professor of mathematics in Wittenberg uses De Rev. to calculate new tables of celestial motions Prutenic Tables (1551) widely used Indirect fame for Copernicus
18 Hven: Uraniborg Pinnacle of naked-eye observations! Great Mural Quadrant
19 Hven: Stjerneborg
20 Tycho on Hven: Important Achievements Precise (~4 arcmin) positions of planets over extended period of time (used by Kepler) Demonstrate that comets are superlunar (1577) Demonstrate that (Super-) Novae are stellar (1572) Failure to find stellar parallax - rejection of Copernican model (Tychonic model) Establish regard for precision data in astronomy
21 Tycho s Supernova of 1572 Cassiopeia Chandra sees remnant in X-rays Tycho can prove that Nova is fixed wrt stars!
22 The Comet of 1577 Big Q: Are comets sub- or supralunar? (According to Aristotle, they are atmospheric effects)
23 The Comet of 1577 Tycho s A: Comets are supralunar?
24 Downfall of Aristotelian Physics Tycho demonstrates: (Super-) Novae and Comets located beyond orbit of Moon (i.e., supralunar) Thus: Heavens are not immutable (as claimed by Aristotle) Only one (and the same) physics for heaven and Earth
25 Tycho asks anew: What about Stellar Parallax? Copernican model predicts this! Tycho s precision data does not confirm this?
26 Tycho rejects Copernicus Argument for missing parallax If stars really were that distant: - vast empty space between Saturn and fixed stars - stars (apparent size known) would be too large
27 Tycho asks anew: What about Stellar Parallax? Stellar parallax not found! Reason: Tycho s star positions are accurate to within ~ 1 arcmin, but real parallaxes are smaller than 1 arcsec (1/60 of armin) Therefore: Tycho concludes that Earth does not move? But: Tycho is also aware of important advantages of Copernican model (e.g., maximum elongation of Venus, simple explanation for retrogression) What to do?
28 The Tychonic World System Geo-heliocentric (compromise) model!
29 Equivalence of Tychonic and Copernican System How to explain this motion relative to Earth?
30 Equivalence of Tychonic and Copernican System Copernicus
31 Equivalence of Tychonic and Copernican System Tycho
32 Equivalence of Tychonic and Copernican System Relative motions are the same Absolute position of Earth is different: - Tycho: Center of Universe, Earth does not move! - Copernicus: Earth moves, both rotation and revolution Tycho s system quickly became fashionable Maintain advantages of Copernican model, but does not have to face conflict with theory of motion (common-sense) and with Scripture
33 Tychonic System: Problem of Intersecting Spheres Crystalline (solid) spheres of Mars and Sun intersect!
34 Tychonic System: Problem of Intersecting Spheres Comet of 1577: Tycho shows motion across celest. Spheres Abandon concept of crystalline spheres altogether!
35 Tycho: Journey s End in Imperial Prague (1599)
36 Tycho: Journey s End in Imperial Prague Rudolph II - Emperor ( ) Great Patron of Arts and Sciences (Tycho, Kepler)
37 Tycho: Journey s End in Imperial Prague Benatky Castle: Final Domicile ( ) Tycho invites upstart young Johannes Kepler!
38 Tycho and Kepler meet in Prague ( ) Tycho needs Kepler: - difficult calculations to figure out orbit of Mars Kepler needs Tycho: - precision data to figure out true orbits of the planets Together embark on improved astron. tables (Tabulae Rudolphinae)
39 Tycho: Journey s End in Imperial Prague Died 1601 Buried in Prague Epitaph: Neither wealth nor power remain, only the arts and sciences
40 Tycho/Kepler (part 1): Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe: - establishes precision observation into astronomy - shows that comets and supernovae are celestial phenomena (downfall of Aristotelian dogma of immutability of heavens) - abandons concept of solid (crystalline) sphere Tychonic world system: geo-heliocentric model - compromise between Ptolemy and Copernicus ( Best of two worlds ) - can account for apparent absence of stellar parallax Kepler inherits Tycho s data after his death in prague
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