Chapter 2. The Rise of Astronomy. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 2. The Rise of Astronomy. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display."

Transcription

1

2 Chapter 2 The Rise of Astronomy Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3 2.1: Early Ideas of the Heavens: Classical Astronomy As far as we know, the ancient Greeks were the first to use logic, mathemaecs, and geometry to study the world around us. The ancient Greeks knew the world was round.

4 Early Ideas: Pythagoras Pythagoras taught as early as 500 B.C. that the Earth was round, based on the perfeceon of the sphere.

5 Early Ideas: Aristotle By 300 B.C., Aristotle based it on the curved shape of Earth s shadow on the Moon during a lunar eclipse.

6 Early Ideas: Aristotle He also noted that a traveler moving south will see stars previously hidden by the southern horizon

7 Early Ideas: The Size of the Earth Eratosthenes ( B.C.) Head of the library at at Alexandria, Egypt, calculated the circumference of the Earth to be about 25,000 miles. a value very close to today s value

8 Early Ideas: The Size of the Earth At Alexandria at noon on 6/21, the Sun cast a shadow on the obelisk, but at Syene (500 miles south) it shone straight down a well. The angle b/t Sun and verecal was 7 degrees or about 1/50 th of a circle. 50 x 500 miles gave him 25,000 miles circumference.

9 Early Ideas: Distance and Size of the Sun Aristarchus calculated the relaeve size of the Sun, Moon, and Earth He calculated the Moon to be 1/3 the Earth s diameter by looking at the Earth s shadow on the Moon and Moon

10 Early Ideas: Distance and Size of the Sun and Moon Aristarchus calculated the diameter of the Sun based on 1 st and 3 rd quarter Moon phase observaeons. He thought the Sun was only 7X the Earth s diameter (it s really 100X).

11 Early Ideas: Distance and Size of the Sun and Moon This helped establish that the Sun was much larger, pu[ng it at the center of the Universe. Other Greeks did not believe Aristarchus (Sun at center) because they could not observe parallax.

12 The reason they could not observe parallax ( apparent shi^ in a stars posieon from season to season) is because the stars are so far away and they had no telescopes.

13 Measuring the Diameter of Astronomical Objects l linear size of object d distance to object α angular size of object

14 2.2 The Planets

15 Planets and the Zodiac The word planet comes from the Greek word for wanderers. The planets always remain close to the eclipec, within the constellaeons of the zodiac. All the planets orbit the Sun on roughly the same plane. The planets normally move eastward through the backdrop of stars as a result of their orbital moeon.

16 Apparent moeon of planets is usually from west to east relaeve to the stars, although on a daily basis, the planets always rise in the east Planets and the Zodiac

17 Retrograde MoEon Retrograde moeon occurs when Earth overtakes another planet and it appears to move backward (E to W) against the backdrop of stars. Explaining retrograde moeon was one of the main reasons astronomers ulemately rejected the idea of the Earth being located at the center of the solar system

18 Early Ideas: The Geocentric Model Early observers had a geocentric model of the universe (Earth at center).

19 Early Ideas: The Geocentric Model

20 Ptolemy created a model in which planets moved on small wheels aeached to a larger wheel. The small circle is called an epicycle. Ptolemy of Alexandria

21 Ptolemy of Alexandria Ptolemy s model was able to predict planetary moeon with fair precision This model became to complex to be plausible. Occam s Razor is a principle which states that simplicity is an important part of scienefic theory.

22 2.3 Astronomy in the Renaissance

23 Non- Western ContribuEons Islamic ContribuEons Relied on celeseal phenomena to set its religious calendar Created a large vocabulary sell evident today (e.g., zenith, Betelgeuse) Developed algebra and Arabic numerals Asian ContribuEons Devised constellaeons based on Asian mythologies Kept detailed records of unusual celeseal events (e.g., eclipses, comets, supernova, and sunspots) Eclipse prediceons

24 Astronomy in the Renaissance Nicolaus Copernicus ( ) was a Polish physician. His model was good but flawed because he put the planets in circular orbits.

25 Astronomy in the Renaissance Tycho Brahe ( ) He was a Danish nobleman. He made meeculous, accurate measurements of planetary posieons.

26 Astronomy in the Renaissance Johannes Kepler ( ) Upon Tycho s death, his data passed to Kepler, his young assistant Using the very precise Mars data, Kepler showed the orbit to be an ellipse

27 Planets move in ellipecal orbits with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse Kepler s 1 st Law

28 The orbital speed of a planet varies so that a line joining the Sun and the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal Eme intervals The closer a planet is to the Sun, the faster it moves Kepler s 2nd Law

29 Kepler s 3 rd Law The amount of Eme a planet takes to orbit the Sun is related to its orbit s size The square of the period, P, is proporeonal to the cube of the semimajor axis, a

30 2.4 The Birth of Astrophysics

31 Astronomy in the Renaissance Galileo ( ) Contemporary of Kepler First person to use the telescope to study the heavens and offer interpretaeons The Moon s surface has features similar to that of the Earth The Moon is a ball of rock

32 Astronomy in the Renaissance The Sun has spots The Sun is not perfect, changes its appearance, and rotates Jupiter has four objects orbieng it The objects are moons and they are not circling Earth Milky Way is populated by uncountable number of stars Earth- centered universe is too simple

33 Evidence for the Heliocentric Model

34 Astronomy in the Renaissance Deduced the first correct laws of moeon Was brought before the InquisiEon and put under house arrest for the remainder of his life

35 Isaac Newton ( ) was born the year Galileo died He deduced the Law of gravity and invented calculus to calculate it. Isaac Newton

Chapter 2. The Rise of Astronomy. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 2. The Rise of Astronomy. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 2 The Rise of Astronomy Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Periods of Western Astronomy Western astronomy divides into 4 periods Prehistoric

More information

Lecture #4: Plan. Early Ideas of the Heavens (cont d): Geocentric Universe Heliocentric Universe

Lecture #4: Plan. Early Ideas of the Heavens (cont d): Geocentric Universe Heliocentric Universe Lecture #4: Plan Early Ideas of the Heavens (cont d): Shape & size of the Earth Size & distance of Moon & Sun Geocentric Universe Heliocentric Universe Shape of the Earth Aristotle (Greece, 384 322 B.C.)

More information

1. The Moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because

1. The Moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because 2-1 Copyright 2016 All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of 1. The Moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because A. you are

More information

History of Astronomy. Historical People and Theories

History of Astronomy. Historical People and Theories History of Astronomy Historical People and Theories Plato Believed he could solve everything through reasoning. Circles and Spheres are good because they are perfect (never ending) and pleasing to the

More information

Chapter 02 The Rise of Astronomy

Chapter 02 The Rise of Astronomy Chapter 02 The Rise of Astronomy Multiple Choice Questions 1. The moon appears larger when it rises than when it is high in the sky because A. You are closer to it when it rises (angular-size relation).

More information

Early Models of the Universe. How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky

Early Models of the Universe. How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky Early Models of the Universe How we explained those big shiny lights in the sky The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 322 BCE) believed that the Earth was the center of our universe, and everything rotated

More information

cosmogony geocentric heliocentric How the Greeks modeled the heavens

cosmogony geocentric heliocentric How the Greeks modeled the heavens Cosmogony A cosmogony is theory about ones place in the universe. A geocentric cosmogony is a theory that proposes Earth to be at the center of the universe. A heliocentric cosmogony is a theory that proposes

More information

Gravitation and the Motion of the Planets

Gravitation and the Motion of the Planets Gravitation and the Motion of the Planets 1 Guiding Questions 1. How did ancient astronomers explain the motions of the planets? 2. Why did Copernicus think that the Earth and the other planets go around

More information

18. Kepler as a young man became the assistant to A) Nicolaus Copernicus. B) Ptolemy. C) Tycho Brahe. D) Sir Isaac Newton.

18. Kepler as a young man became the assistant to A) Nicolaus Copernicus. B) Ptolemy. C) Tycho Brahe. D) Sir Isaac Newton. Name: Date: 1. The word planet is derived from a Greek term meaning A) bright nighttime object. B) astrological sign. C) wanderer. D) nontwinkling star. 2. The planets that were known before the telescope

More information

Earth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens

Earth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens Earth Science, 13e Tarbuck & Lutgens Origins of Modern Astronomy Earth Science, 13e Chapter 21 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Early history of astronomy Ancient Greeks Used philosophical

More information

Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures

Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures Usefulness as a tool to predict the weather (seasons) Usefulness as a tool to tell time (sundials) Central Africa (6500 B.C.) Alignments Many ancient cultures built

More information

Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets

Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets Chapter Four Guiding Questions 1. How did ancient astronomers explain the motions of the planets? 2. Why did Copernicus think that the Earth and the other planets

More information

Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets. Chapter Four

Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets. Chapter Four Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets Chapter Four Guiding Questions 1. How did ancient astronomers explain the motions of the planets? 2. Why did Copernicus think that the Earth and the other planets

More information

Introduction To Modern Astronomy I

Introduction To Modern Astronomy I ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 03 Sep. 18, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap. 7-17) Ch1: Astronomy and the Universe Ch2: Knowing the Heavens

More information

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our goals for learning: In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? How did astronomical observations benefit ancient societies?

More information

BROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. The observation that the intervals of time between two successive quarter phases of the Moon are very nearly equal implies that

BROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. The observation that the intervals of time between two successive quarter phases of the Moon are very nearly equal implies that BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 10 Test 1: November 2014 Number of pages: 10 Course: ASTR 1P01, Section 2 Number of students: 961 Examination date: 7 November 2014 Time limit: 50 min Time of Examination: 17:00

More information

The History of Astronomy. Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past

The History of Astronomy. Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past The History of Astronomy Theories, People, and Discoveries of the Past Early man recorded very little history. Left some clues in the form of petrographs. Stone drawings that show eclipses, comets, supernovae.

More information

A100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy

A100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy A100 Exploring the Universe: The Invention of Science Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100-mdw@courses.umass.edu September 09, 2014 Read: Chap 3 09/09/14 slide 1 Problem Set #1: due this afternoon

More information

Introduction To Modern Astronomy II

Introduction To Modern Astronomy II ASTR 111 003 Fall 2006 Lecture 03 Sep. 18, 2006 Introduction To Modern Astronomy II Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6) Planets and Moons (chap. 7-17) Ch1: Astronomy and the Universe Ch2: Knowing the Heavens

More information

First MIDTERM Exam: Mon, Sep. 22, covering chapters tutorials (review later today).

First MIDTERM Exam: Mon, Sep. 22, covering chapters tutorials (review later today). Announcements First MIDTERM Exam: Mon, Sep. 22, covering chapters 1 3 + tutorials (review later today). Interim grades online, coded by class ID. See course website Grades tab. Another great night for

More information

Models of the Solar System. The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton

Models of the Solar System. The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton Models of the Solar System The Development of Understanding from Ancient Greece to Isaac Newton Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) Third in line of Greek thinkers: Socrates was the teacher of Plato, Plato was the

More information

BROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. The observation that the intervals of time between two successive quarter phases of the Moon are very nearly equal implies that

BROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. The observation that the intervals of time between two successive quarter phases of the Moon are very nearly equal implies that BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 10 Test 1: November 2014 Number of pages: 10 Course: ASTR 1P01, Section 2 Number of students: 30 Examination date: 10 November 2014 Time limit: 50 min Time of Examination: 9:00

More information

Learning Objectives. one night? Over the course of several nights? How do true motion and retrograde motion differ?

Learning Objectives. one night? Over the course of several nights? How do true motion and retrograde motion differ? Kepler s Laws Learning Objectives! Do the planets move east or west over the course of one night? Over the course of several nights? How do true motion and retrograde motion differ?! What are geocentric

More information

Astronomy- The Original Science

Astronomy- The Original Science Astronomy- The Original Science Imagine that it is 5,000 years ago. Clocks and modern calendars have not been invented. How would you tell time or know what day it is? One way to tell the time is to study

More information

chapter 10 questions_pictures removed.notebook September 28, 2017 Chapter 10 What We Know About the Universe Has Taken Us Thousands of Years to Learn

chapter 10 questions_pictures removed.notebook September 28, 2017 Chapter 10 What We Know About the Universe Has Taken Us Thousands of Years to Learn 1. Define Star (Pg 352) Chapter 10 What We Know About the Universe Has Taken Us Thousands of Years to Learn A celestial body of hot gases with a nuclear furnace at its core that makes its own thermal energy.

More information

Things to do today. Terminal, Astronomy is Fun. Lecture 24 The Science of Astronomy. Scientific Thinking. After this lecture, please pick up:

Things to do today. Terminal, Astronomy is Fun. Lecture 24 The Science of Astronomy. Scientific Thinking. After this lecture, please pick up: Things to do today After this lecture, please pick up: Review questions for the final exam Homework#6 (due next Tuesday) No class on Thursday (Thanksgiving) Final exam on December 2 (next Thursday) Terminal,

More information

A100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy

A100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy A100 Exploring the Universe: The Rise of Science Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy weinberg@astro.umass.edu September 11, 2012 Read: Chap 3 09/11/12 slide 1 Problem Set #1 due this afternoon at 5pm! Read:

More information

Lecture 2 : Early Cosmology

Lecture 2 : Early Cosmology Lecture 2 : Early Cosmology Getting in touch with your senses Greek astronomy/cosmology The Renaissance (part 1) 8/28/13 1 Sidney Harris Discussion : What would an unaided observer deduce about the Universe?

More information

PHYS 155 Introductory Astronomy

PHYS 155 Introductory Astronomy PHYS 155 Introductory Astronomy - observing sessions: Sunday Thursday, 9pm, weather permitting http://www.phys.uconn.edu/observatory - Exam - Tuesday March 20, - Review Monday 6:30-9pm, PB 38 Marek Krasnansky

More information

Astronomy Notes Chapter 02.notebook April 11, 2014 Pythagoras Aristotle geocentric retrograde motion epicycles deferents Aristarchus, heliocentric

Astronomy Notes Chapter 02.notebook April 11, 2014 Pythagoras Aristotle geocentric retrograde motion epicycles deferents Aristarchus, heliocentric Around 2500 years ago, Pythagoras began to use math to describe the world around him. Around 200 years later, Aristotle stated that the Universe is understandable and is governed by regular laws. Most

More information

Earth Science, 11e. Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy

Earth Science, 11e. Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy. Early history of astronomy 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 21 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors

More information

b. Remember, Sun is a second or third generation star the nebular cloud of dust and gases was created by a supernova of a preexisting

b. Remember, Sun is a second or third generation star the nebular cloud of dust and gases was created by a supernova of a preexisting 1. Evolution of the Solar System Nebular hypothesis, p 10 a. Cloud of atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium b. Gravitational collapse contracted it into rotating disc c. Heat of conversion of gravitational

More information

Ancient Cosmology: A Flat Earth. Alexandria

Ancient Cosmology: A Flat Earth. Alexandria Today Competing Cosmologies Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Ptolemy vs. copernicus Retrograde Motion Phases of Venus Galileo FIRST HOMEWORK DUE How d it work? Ancient Cosmology: A Flat Earth Here there be

More information

Lecture #5: Plan. The Beginnings of Modern Astronomy Kepler s Laws Galileo

Lecture #5: Plan. The Beginnings of Modern Astronomy Kepler s Laws Galileo Lecture #5: Plan The Beginnings of Modern Astronomy Kepler s Laws Galileo Geocentric ( Ptolemaic ) Model Retrograde Motion: Apparent backward (= East-to-West) motion of a planet with respect to stars Ptolemy

More information

Plato ( BC) All natural motion is circular Reason is more important than observation

Plato ( BC) All natural motion is circular Reason is more important than observation Plato (428-348 BC) All natural motion is circular Reason is more important than observation Aristotle (384-322 BC) Physics elements earth water air fire quintessence Eratosthenes (276-195 BC) He measured

More information

Space Notes Covers Objectives 1 & 2

Space Notes Covers Objectives 1 & 2 Space Notes Covers Objectives 1 & 2 Space Introduction Space Introduction Video Celestial Bodies Refers to a natural object out in space 1) Stars 2) Comets 3) Moons 4) Planets 5) Asteroids Constellations

More information

Announcements. Topics To Be Covered in this Lecture

Announcements. Topics To Be Covered in this Lecture Announcements! Tonight s observing session is cancelled (due to clouds)! the next one will be one week from now, weather permitting! The 2 nd LearningCurve activity was due earlier today! Assignment 2

More information

ASTR-1010: Astronomy I Course Notes Section III

ASTR-1010: Astronomy I Course Notes Section III ASTR-1010: Astronomy I Course Notes Section III Dr. Donald G. Luttermoser Department of Physics and Astronomy East Tennessee State University Edition 2.0 Abstract These class notes are designed for use

More information

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy. Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy. Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy 1 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our goals for learning: In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? How did astronomical observations benefit ancient societies?

More information

This Week... Week 3: Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science. How do humans employ scientific thinking?

This Week... Week 3: Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science. How do humans employ scientific thinking? Week 3: Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy This Week... The Copernican Revolution The Birth of Modern Science Chapter 2 Walkthrough Discovering the solar system Creating a clockwork Universe 3.1 The Ancient

More information

The Birth of Astronomy. Lecture 3 1/24/2018

The Birth of Astronomy. Lecture 3 1/24/2018 The Birth of Astronomy Lecture 3 1/24/2018 Fundamental Questions of Astronomy (life?) What is the shape of the Earth? How big is the planet we live on? Why do the stars move across the sky? Where is Earth

More information

The following notes roughly correspond to Section 2.4 and Chapter 3 of the text by Bennett. This note focuses on the details of the transition for a

The following notes roughly correspond to Section 2.4 and Chapter 3 of the text by Bennett. This note focuses on the details of the transition for a The following notes roughly correspond to Section 2.4 and Chapter 3 of the text by Bennett. This note focuses on the details of the transition for a geocentric model for understanding the universe to a

More information

Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21

Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21 Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 21 Early history of astronomy Ancient Greeks Used philosophical arguments to explain natural phenomena Also used some observa:onal data (looking at the night sky) Ancient

More information

Gravitation Part I. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler

Gravitation Part I. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler Gravitation Part I. Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler Celestial motions The stars: Uniform daily motion about the celestial poles (rising and setting). The Sun: Daily motion around the celestial

More information

Occam s Razor: William of Occam, 1340(!)

Occam s Razor: William of Occam, 1340(!) Reading: OpenStax, Chapter 2, Section 2.2 &2.4, Chapter 3, Sections 3.1-3.3 Chapter 5, Section 5.1 Last time: Scales of the Universe Astro 150 Spring 2018: Lecture 2 page 1 The size of our solar system,

More information

Early Theories. Early astronomers believed that the sun, planets and stars orbited Earth (geocentric model) Developed by Aristotle

Early Theories. Early astronomers believed that the sun, planets and stars orbited Earth (geocentric model) Developed by Aristotle Planetary Motion Early Theories Early astronomers believed that the sun, planets and stars orbited Earth (geocentric model) Developed by Aristotle Stars appear to move around Earth Observations showed

More information

History of Astronomy. PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy. Tycho Brahe and Exploding Stars. Tycho Brahe ( ) Chapter 4. Renaissance Period

History of Astronomy. PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy. Tycho Brahe and Exploding Stars. Tycho Brahe ( ) Chapter 4. Renaissance Period PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy History of Astronomy Chapter 4 Renaissance Period Copernicus new (and correct) explanation for retrograde motion of the planets Copernicus new (and correct) explanation

More information

Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM

Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD Jan 5 7:37 AM Copernicus: The Foundation Nicholas Copernicus (Polish, 1473 1543): Proposed the first modern heliocentric model, motivated by inaccuracies of the Ptolemaic

More information

Today FIRST HOMEWORK DUE. Ancient Astronomy. Competing Cosmologies. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric. Ptolemy vs. copernicus.

Today FIRST HOMEWORK DUE. Ancient Astronomy. Competing Cosmologies. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric. Ptolemy vs. copernicus. Today FIRST HOMEWORK DUE Ancient Astronomy Competing Cosmologies Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Ptolemy vs. copernicus Retrograde Motion Phases of Venus Galileo 1 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our goals

More information

Test Bank for Life in the Universe, Third Edition Chapter 2: The Science of Life in the Universe

Test Bank for Life in the Universe, Third Edition Chapter 2: The Science of Life in the Universe 1. The possibility of extraterrestrial life was first considered A) after the invention of the telescope B) only during the past few decades C) many thousands of years ago during ancient times D) at the

More information

3) During retrograde motion a planet appears to be A) dimmer than usual. B) the same brightness as usual C) brighter than usual.

3) During retrograde motion a planet appears to be A) dimmer than usual. B) the same brightness as usual C) brighter than usual. Descriptive Astronomy (ASTR 108) Exam 1 B February 17, 2010 Name: In each of the following multiple choice questions, select the best possible answer. In the line on the scan sheet corresponding to the

More information

1) Kepler's third law allows us to find the average distance to a planet from observing its period of rotation on its axis.

1) Kepler's third law allows us to find the average distance to a planet from observing its period of rotation on its axis. Descriptive Astronomy (ASTR 108) Exam 1 A February 17, 2010 Name: In each of the following multiple choice questions, select the best possible answer. In the line on the scan sheet corresponding to the

More information

Lecture 3: History of Astronomy. Astronomy 111 Monday September 4, 2017

Lecture 3: History of Astronomy. Astronomy 111 Monday September 4, 2017 Lecture 3: History of Astronomy Astronomy 111 Monday September 4, 2017 Reminders Labs start this week Homework #2 assigned today Astronomy of the ancients Many ancient cultures took note of celestial objects

More information

Upon Whose Shoulders We Stand: A History of Astronomy Up to 200 A.D. Dick Mallot 3/17/2005

Upon Whose Shoulders We Stand: A History of Astronomy Up to 200 A.D. Dick Mallot 3/17/2005 Upon Whose Shoulders We Stand: A History of Astronomy Up to 200 A.D. Dick Mallot 3/17/2005 Who were these ancient astronomers? Where did real astronomy begin? What did we know about astronomy 2000+ years

More information

Astronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1

Astronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1 Astronomy 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 1 Chapter 1 1. A scientific hypothesis is a) a wild, baseless guess about how something works. b) a collection of ideas that seems to explain

More information

How big is the Universe and where are we in it?

How big is the Universe and where are we in it? Announcements Results of clicker questions from Monday are on ICON. First homework is graded on ICON. Next homework due one minute before midnight on Tuesday, September 6. Labs start this week. All lab

More information

Origins of Modern Astronomy

Origins of Modern Astronomy PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy Origins of Modern Astronomy Chapter 4 Topics in Chapter 4 Chapter 4 talks about the history of Astronomy and the development of the model of the solar system. Brief

More information

History of Astronomy - Part I. Ancient Astronomy. Ancient Greece. Astronomy is a science that has truly taken shape only in the last couple centuries

History of Astronomy - Part I. Ancient Astronomy. Ancient Greece. Astronomy is a science that has truly taken shape only in the last couple centuries History of Astronomy - Part I Astronomy is a science that has truly taken shape only in the last couple centuries Many advances have been made in your lifetime However, astronomical concepts and ideas

More information

What was once so mysterious about planetary motion in our sky? We see apparent retrograde motion when we pass by a planet

What was once so mysterious about planetary motion in our sky? We see apparent retrograde motion when we pass by a planet What was once so mysterious about planetary motion in our sky? Planets usually move slightly eastward from night to night relative to the stars. You cannot see this motion on a single night. But sometimes

More information

The History of Astronomy

The History of Astronomy The History of Astronomy The History of Astronomy Earliest astronomical record: a lunar calendar etched on bone from 6500 B.C. Uganda. Also we find early groups noted the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Earth,

More information

The great tragedy of science the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. -Thomas Huxley. Monday, October 3, 2011

The great tragedy of science the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. -Thomas Huxley. Monday, October 3, 2011 The great tragedy of science the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact. -Thomas Huxley 1 Chapter 4 The Origin of Modern Astronomy Outline I. The Roots of Astronomy A. Archaeoastronomy B. The

More information

Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest

Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest Ch. 22 Origin of Modern Astronomy Pretest 1. True or False: Early Greek astronomers (600 B.C. A.D. 150) used telescopes to observe the stars. Ch. 22 Origin of

More information

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy

Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy Chapter 3 The Science of Astronomy 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our goals for learning: In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? How did astronomical observations benefit ancient societies?

More information

Chapter 4. The Origin of Modern Astronomy

Chapter 4. The Origin of Modern Astronomy Chapter 4 The Origin of Modern Astronomy Earliest Evidence 15,000 Year old Lunar Calendar Displays Moon Going Through various phases. Location: Lascaux in France The Biggest Mystery Human civilization

More information

Chapter 4. The Origin Of Modern Astronomy. Is okay to change your phone? From ios to Android From Android to ios

Chapter 4. The Origin Of Modern Astronomy. Is okay to change your phone? From ios to Android From Android to ios Chapter 4 The Origin Of Modern Astronomy Slide 14 Slide 15 14 15 Is Change Good or Bad? Do you like Homer to look like Homer or with hair? Does it bother you when your schedule is changed? Is it okay to

More information

Chapter 3 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. The Science of Astronomy Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. The Science of Astronomy Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 3 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition The Science of Astronomy 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Science of Astronomy 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science Our

More information

Astronomy 1 Fall 2016

Astronomy 1 Fall 2016 Astronomy 1 Fall 2016 Comet Halley Edmund Halley, a friend of Newton s used Newton s math to predict the return of a comet seen at intervals of 76 years. Lecture 3; September 29, 2016 Previously on Astro-1

More information

Practice Test DeAnza College Astronomy 04 Test 1 Spring Quarter 2009

Practice Test DeAnza College Astronomy 04 Test 1 Spring Quarter 2009 Practice Test DeAnza College Astronomy 04 Test 1 Spring Quarter 2009 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark answer on Scantron.

More information

9/12/2010. The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature. 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. The Strong Nuclear Force 4. The Weak Nuclear Force

9/12/2010. The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature. 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. The Strong Nuclear Force 4. The Weak Nuclear Force The Four Fundamental Forces of Nature 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. The Strong Nuclear Force 4. The Weak Nuclear Force The Universe is made of matter Gravity the force of attraction between matter

More information

BROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. About 2300 years ago, Aristotle argued that the Earth is spherical based on a number of observations, one of which was that

BROCK UNIVERSITY. 1. About 2300 years ago, Aristotle argued that the Earth is spherical based on a number of observations, one of which was that BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 10 Test 2: November 2015 Number of pages: 10 Course: ASTR 1P01, Section 2 Number of students: 861 Examination date: 7 November 2015 Time limit: 50 min Time of Examination: 13:00

More information

Most of the time during full and new phases, the Moon lies above or below the Sun in the sky.

Most of the time during full and new phases, the Moon lies above or below the Sun in the sky. 6/16 Eclipses: We don t have eclipses every month because the plane of the Moon s orbit about the Earth is different from the plane the ecliptic, the Earth s orbital plane about the Sun. The planes of

More information

Gravity. Newton s Law of Gravitation Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion Gravitational Fields

Gravity. Newton s Law of Gravitation Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion Gravitational Fields Gravity Newton s Law of Gravitation Kepler s Laws of Planetary Motion Gravitational Fields Simulation Synchronous Rotation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozib_l eg75q Sun-Earth-Moon System https://vimeo.com/16015937

More information

THE SUN AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

THE SUN AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM Chapter 26 THE SUN AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM CHAPTER 26 SECTION 26.1: THE SUN S SIZE, HEAT, AND STRUCTURE Objectives: What is the Sun s structure and source of energy? Key Vocabulary: Fusion Photosphere Corona

More information

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Exam 1 Physics 101 Fall 2014 Chapters 1-3 Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Suppose we look at a photograph of many galaxies.

More information

ASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani

ASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani The Copernican Revolution ASTR 1010 Spring 2016 Study Notes Dr. Magnani The Copernican Revolution is basically how the West intellectually transitioned from the Ptolemaic geocentric model of the Universe

More information

Observing the Solar System 20-1

Observing the Solar System 20-1 Observing the Solar System 20-1 Ancient Observations The ancient Greeks observed the sky and noticed that the moon, sun, and stars seemed to move in a circle around the Earth. It seemed that the Earth

More information

Was Ptolemy Pstupid?

Was Ptolemy Pstupid? Was Ptolemy Pstupid? Why such a silly title for today s lecture? Sometimes we tend to think that ancient astronomical ideas were stupid because today we know that they were wrong. But, while their models

More information

Astr 1050 Mon. Feb. 6, 2017

Astr 1050 Mon. Feb. 6, 2017 Astr 1050 Mon. Feb. 6, 2017 Finish Ch. 2: Discovering the Universe Eclipses Phases of the moon Start Ch. 3: Science (and History) of Astronomy Reading: For Friday: Chapter 3 Chapter #3 on MA Due Wednesday

More information

Next Homework Due. Feb. 20

Next Homework Due. Feb. 20 This week: Chapter 2 Required: Guided Discovery (p.44-47) Required: Astro. Toolbox 2-1 Optional: Astro. Toolbox 2-2, 2-3 Next Homework Due. Feb. 20 Office Hours: Monday, 3-4 Did you see the Lunar Eclipse?

More information

Exam #1 Study Guide (Note this is not all the information you need to know for the test, these are just SOME of the main points)

Exam #1 Study Guide (Note this is not all the information you need to know for the test, these are just SOME of the main points) Exam #1 Study Guide (Note this is not all the information you need to know for the test, these are just SOME of the main points) Moon Phases Moon is always ½ illuminated by the Sun, and the sunlit side

More information

The History of Astronomy. Please pick up your assigned transmitter.

The History of Astronomy. Please pick up your assigned transmitter. The History of Astronomy Please pick up your assigned transmitter. When did mankind first become interested in the science of astronomy? 1. With the advent of modern computer technology (mid-20 th century)

More information

Intro to Astronomy. Looking at Our Space Neighborhood

Intro to Astronomy. Looking at Our Space Neighborhood Intro to Astronomy Looking at Our Space Neighborhood Astronomy: The Original Science Ancient cultures used the movement of stars, planets and the moon to mark time Astronomy: the study of the universe

More information

Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures. Alignments. Modern Science and the Greeks. Our calendar is based on astronomical objects

Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures. Alignments. Modern Science and the Greeks. Our calendar is based on astronomical objects Benefit of astronomy to ancient cultures Usefulness as a tool to predict the weather (seasons) Usefulness as a tool to tell time (sundials) Our calendar is based on astronomical objects Length of day =

More information

Last time we finished Ch. 2

Last time we finished Ch. 2 Last time we finished Ch. 2 Everyday astronomy 1. Patterns in the Sky 2. The Cause of Seasons 3. The Phases of the Moon 4. The Ancient Mystery of the Planets Last time we finished Ch. 2 You re getting

More information

Planetary Orbits: Kepler s Laws 1/18/07

Planetary Orbits: Kepler s Laws 1/18/07 Planetary Orbits: Kepler s Laws Announcements The correct link for the course webpage http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/undergrad/classes/spring2007/giacalone_206-2 The first homework due Jan 25 (available for

More information

A Brief History of Astronomy

A Brief History of Astronomy A Brief History of Astronomy Reading: Chapter 3.1-3.4 Development of Astronomy The development of astronomy came about through careful observations and gradual application of the scientific method across

More information

Name: Exam 1, 9/30/05

Name: Exam 1, 9/30/05 Multiple Choice: Select the choice that best answers each question. Write your choice in the blank next to each number. (2 points each) 1. At the North Pole in mid-november, the sun rises at a. North of

More information

January 19, notes.notebook. Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM

January 19, notes.notebook. Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD. Jan 5 7:37 AM 8.1 notes.notebook Claudius Ptolemaeus Second Century AD Jan 5 7:7 AM Copernicus: The Foundation Nicholas Copernicus (Polish, 147 154): Proposed the first modern heliocentric model, motivated by inaccuracies

More information

Today. Planetary Motion. Tycho Brahe s Observations. Kepler s Laws Laws of Motion. Laws of Motion

Today. Planetary Motion. Tycho Brahe s Observations. Kepler s Laws Laws of Motion. Laws of Motion Today Planetary Motion Tycho Brahe s Observations Kepler s Laws Laws of Motion Laws of Motion In 1633 the Catholic Church ordered Galileo to recant his claim that Earth orbits the Sun. His book on the

More information

SCIENCE 9 CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1

SCIENCE 9 CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1 SCIENCE 9 CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1 Observing the Stars (pp. 352-365) Celestial Bodies Celestial body: a natural object in space, such as the Sun, the Moon, a planet, or a star Star: a celestial body of hot

More information

Chapter 1 The Copernican Revolution

Chapter 1 The Copernican Revolution Chapter 1 The Copernican Revolution The Horse Head nebula in the Orion constellation (Reading assignment: Chapter 1) Learning Outcomes How the geocentric model accounts for the retrograde motion of planets?

More information

D. A system of assumptions and principles applicable to a wide range of phenomena that has been repeatedly verified

D. A system of assumptions and principles applicable to a wide range of phenomena that has been repeatedly verified ASTRONOMY 1 EXAM 1 Name Identify Terms - Matching (20 @ 1 point each = 20 pts.) 1 Solar System G 7. aphelion N 14. eccentricity M 2. Planet E 8. apparent visual magnitude R 15. empirical Q 3. Star P 9.

More information

9/8/17. An Assignment. Chapter 3: The Science of Astronomy. In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science

9/8/17. An Assignment. Chapter 3: The Science of Astronomy. In what ways do all humans employ scientific thinking? 3.1 The Ancient Roots of Science 9/8/17 Lecture Outline An Assignment Chapter 3: The Science of Astronomy We have now covered the first two chapters of the text: Now would be a good time to familiarize yourself with the Mastering Astronomy

More information

How Astronomers Learnt that The Heavens Are Not Perfect

How Astronomers Learnt that The Heavens Are Not Perfect 1 How Astronomers Learnt that The Heavens Are Not Perfect Introduction In this packet, you will read about the discoveries and theories which changed the way astronomers understood the Universe. I have

More information

In so many and such important. ways, then, do the planets bear witness to the earth's mobility. Nicholas Copernicus

In so many and such important. ways, then, do the planets bear witness to the earth's mobility. Nicholas Copernicus In so many and such important ways, then, do the planets bear witness to the earth's mobility Nicholas Copernicus What We Will Learn Today What did it take to revise an age old belief? What is the Copernican

More information

Copernican Revolution. ~1500 to ~1700

Copernican Revolution. ~1500 to ~1700 ~1500 to ~1700 Copernicus (~1500) Brahe (~1570) Kepler (~1600) Galileo (~1600) Newton (~1670) The Issue: Geocentric or Heliocentric Which model explains observations the best? Copernicus (~1500) Resurrected

More information

Chapter 2 The Science of Life in the Universe

Chapter 2 The Science of Life in the Universe In ancient times phenomena in the sky were not understood! Chapter 2 The Science of Life in the Universe The Ancient Greeks The Scientific Method Our ideas must always be consistent with our observations!

More information

Scientific Method. Ancient Astronomy. Astronomy in Ancient Times

Scientific Method. Ancient Astronomy. Astronomy in Ancient Times Scientific Method Chapter 2: The Copernican Revolution The Birth of Modern Science Ancient Astronomy Models of the Solar System Laws of Planetary Motion Newton s Laws Laws of Motion Law of Gravitation

More information

Review of previous concepts!! Earth s orbit: Year, seasons, observed constellations, Polaris (North star), day/night lengths, equinoxes

Review of previous concepts!! Earth s orbit: Year, seasons, observed constellations, Polaris (North star), day/night lengths, equinoxes Review of previous concepts!! Earth s orbit: Year, seasons, observed constellations, Polaris (North star), day/night lengths, equinoxes Celestial poles, celestial equator, ecliptic, ecliptic plane (Fig

More information

Be able to explain retrograde motion in both the current and Ptolemy s models. You are likely to get an essay question on a quiz concerning these.

Be able to explain retrograde motion in both the current and Ptolemy s models. You are likely to get an essay question on a quiz concerning these. Astronomy 110 Test 2 Review Castle Chapters 6, 7, and possibly 8 NOTE: THIS IS NOT MEANT TO BE EXHAUSTIVE, THIS IS TO HELP THE YOU TRAIN ON THE QUESTION FORMATS AND THE CONCEPTS. Just because an issue

More information