FIRST SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF SAHARAN DUST OVER EUROPE DURING EARLINET ( ): STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Transcription

1 FIRST SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF SAHARAN DUST OVER EUROPE DURING EARLINET (2-22): STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS A. Papayannis 1, V. Amiridis 2, G. Tsaknakis 1, D. Balis 3, J. Bösenberg 4, A. Chaikovski 5, F. De Tomasi 6, I. Grigorov 7, I. Mattis 8, V. Mitev9, D. Müller 8, L. Mona 1, S. Nickovic 11, J. M. Baldasano 12,13, A. Pietruczuk 14, G. Pisani 15, F. Ravetta 16, V. Rizi 17, M. Sicard 12, T. Trick 18, and M. Wiegner 19 1 National Technical University of Athens-NTUA, Physics Dept., Athens, Greece 2 Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece 3 Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 4 Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany 5 Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus 6 University of Lecce, Physics Department, Lecce, Italy 7 Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 8 Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany 9 Observatory of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland 1 Istituto di Metodologie per l'analisi Ambientale-CNR, Potenza, Italy 11 World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 12 Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 13 Earth Sciences Division, Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Barcelona, Spain 14 Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 15 CNISM and Dipart. di Scienze Fisiche-Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy 16 Service d Aéronomie IPSL, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UP6, Paris, France 17 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi - L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy 18 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 19 Meteorologisches Institut der Universität München, Munich, Germany XXIV IUGG General Assembly, 2-13 July 27, Perugia, Italy

2 Sahara desert

3 (IPCC, 21)

4 Typical Raman Lidar system (NTUA, Greece) Emission: nm Detection: Depolarization (under construction)

5 Athens, Greece

6 Period: 2-23, Extension: up to 211 Objectives and Methodology: Implementation of a routine monitoring scheme,, for the observation of specifically high aerosol loads in the lower troposphere, resulting from Saharan dust outbreaks Forecasting scheme: Use dust forecasting models [DREAM[ DREAM/ICOD (Malta & Spain), NAAPS/NOAA/NRL, Skiron (Greece) models] Coordination: NTUA Group (Warnings: h)

7 Period: 2-23, Extension: up to 211 Validation tools: Air-mass back-trajectory analysis German Meteorological Service (DWD/GME Model) Satellite data analysis Satellite data (EP/TOMS AI, SeaWiFS AOT, NOAA/AVHRR AVHRR AOT, MODIS AOT) Aim: To provide a Sun photometer data analysis statistically Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) data significant database (AERONET) on the aerosol Saharan dust events: horizontal and Period: (32 months) vertical distribution >15 cases forecasted, 9 observation dates (> 5. aerosol dust profiles) in the European Period: 23-today continent during >25 cases forecasted, 21 observation dates Saharan dust (> 135. aerosol dust profiles) outbreaks

8 Period: 2-23 EARLINET 22 stations БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ ИНСТИТУТ ПО ЕЛЕКТРОНИКА АКАДЕМИК ЕМИЛ ДЖАКОВ BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS ACADEMICIAN EMIL DJAKOV

9 Period: EARLINET-ASOS 23 stations БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ ИНСТИТУТ ПО ЕЛЕКТРОНИКА АКАДЕМИК ЕМИЛ ДЖАКОВ BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS ACADEMICIAN EMIL DJAKOV

10 Saharan dust outbreaks (# days) observed per EARLINET station (2-23) 23) 1 Number of dust days observed per station S, SE, SW Central CE, N, NE, E AT LC TH PO NA BA LA SO JU NE GP MU PL LE BE AB HH MI KB LN EARLINET Station

11 Saharan dust outbreaks (Mean # events) observed per geographical sector within EARLINET (2-23) 23) 4 Seasonal variability 35 Number of Events Central N NE SE S SW W Total Winter Spring Summer Autumn Geographical Sector

12 Number of dust days (successful / DREAM forecasted) observed per month for three representative EARLINET stations (period 2-23) Number of days per month Barcelona BA(48) BA(95) Number of days per month Potenza PO(88) PO(211) Months since MAY 1, 2 Months since MAY 1, 2 3 Reasons for not measuring : rain cloudiness technical Number of days per month Athens AT(81) AT(22) Months since MAY 1, 2

13 Mean number of dust days observed per month for three representative EARLINET stations (2-23) 1 1 Number of dust days Barcelona JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month BA Number of dust days Potenza PO JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month Athens AT Number of dust days JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month

14 DREAM Model Winter Spring Summer Autumn

15 DREAM Model E-W Cross section over 33 o N Winter Spring Spring Summer Summer Autumn

16 DREAM Model S-N Cross section over 1 o E Winter Winter Spring Spring Summer Autumn

17 Mean aerosol profiles per station (Raman data: extinction coeff., backscatter coeff., lidar ratio) Raman nighttime measurements at 351/355nm AT KB LA LC LE NA PO TH Height a.s.l. (m) x1-4 4.x x1-6 1.x Extinction Coefficient (m -1 ) Backscatter Coefficient (m -1 sr -1 ) Lidar Ratio (sr)

18 Mean aerosol backscatter profiles per station ( nm) Daytime measurements Height a.s.l. (m) Backscatter measurements AB AT BA HH KB LA LC LE LK MI MU NA NE PO TH 1. 1.x x x1-5 (m -1 sr -1 ) (m -1 sr -1 (m -1 sr -1 )

19 1 Potenza 9 8 Height a.s.l. (m) Color ratio and lidar ratio (aerosol extinction/backscatter) profiles for all the Saharan dust cases, performed over Color Ratio - 355/532nm Lidar Ratio - 355nm (sr) 1 Thessaloniki 9 Potenza, Thessaloniki and Leipzig Height a.s.l. (m) Color Ratio - 355/532nm Lidar Ratio - 355nm (sr) 1 Leipzig 9 Height a.s.l. (m) Greater variability near the source region Æ mixing with local pollution (southern stations) Color Ratio - 532/164nm Lidar Ratio - 532nm (sr)

20 Mean lidar ratio (LR) and mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) [Atmospheric column and inside the dust layer] Lidar Ratio (sr) Mean Dust Layer Mean Aerosol Optical Depth Integrated Dust Layer 1 AT LC TH PO NA LA LE KB EARLINET Station. AT LC TH PO NA LA LE KB EARLINET Station

21 Main pathways of Saharan dust transport over Europe (based on 4-day air mass trajectory cluster analysis) for 3 selected EARLINET sites Percentage of trajectory paths (%) Barcelona, 4 km asl. Winter Spring Summer Autumn WS CS ES Percentage of trajectory paths (%) Potenza, 3 km asl. Winter Spring Summer Autumn WS CS ES Percentage of trajectory paths (%) Athens, 3 km asl. /31 21 Winter Spring Summer Autumn WS CS ES

22 Possible Pathways of Saharan Dust Transport over Europe WS CS ES 3 1: ~2 % 2: ~ 35 % 3: ~ 25 % 4: ~1 % 5: ~ 1 %

23 Satellite Lidar Dust Measurements CALIPSO Lidar launched on

24 CALIPSO-NTUA lidar, January 26, /1/ nm 532 nm 164 nm Altitude asl. (km) x1-6 4.x1-6 6.x1-6 8.x1-6 1.x1-5 Aerosol backscatter coefficient (1/m*sr) / /164 Altitide asl. (km) Color ratio

25 CALIPSO-NTUA lidar, Jan 26, 27 Athens Calipso Dust layers NTUA lidar

26 Dust event over Athens, Jan 26, 27 during CALIPSO overpass MODIS DREAM model

27 Conclusions - Dust layer thickness ( km) or even higher - Dust layer height ( km asl.) or even higher (8-1 km) - Transport time (2-5 5 days) - Inside dust layer: depolarization ratio: 1-25% (532 nm), mean lidar ratio = 38-6 sr (355 nm), AOT: Higher variability (S. Europe) of the CR values than N. ones stronger mixing of desert aerosols with locally produced ones (pollution aerosol) - TOMS Aerosol Index (AI) values: (Mediterranean Region), (Central Europe) - Max. of Dust Outbreaks: South-South South-eastern Europe: * Summer, early autumn and late spring period (S-SE SE Europe) * Spring and summer (SW, central Europe)

28 Acknowledgements - Our EARLINET colleagues! - Environment Program - European Union (EARLINET project : EVR1- CT ) - 6 th Framework EU programme (EARLINET( EARLINET-ASOSASOS project: RICA ) - German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (ATMOFAST project) - Air mass back trajectories (HYSPLIT-4.6) model (NOAA) - SKIRON/ETA model (UoA( UoA,, Greece) -DREAM model (ICOD/Malta, BSC/Spain)

29 Backup slides

30 SEM images

31 XRD analysis XRD Compound % Na2O MgO Al2O3 K2O SO3 Cl SiO2 TiO2 Fe2O3 CaO Formula